Table 2.
Parental occupational exposure to solvents before the child’s birth categorized into low/high exposure and the risk of testicular germ cell tumor in the offspring.
| Agents | Level of exposurea | Maternal exposure | Paternal exposure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI)b | Cases (%) | Controls (%) | OR (95% CI)b | ||
| Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (ARHC) | |||||||
| Benzene | Unexposed | 6,932 (98.8) | 22,840 (99.0) | 7,315 (93.1) | 23,810 (93.4) | ||
| Low | 55 (0.8) | 155 (0.7) | 1.22 (0.89, 1.68) | 267 (3.4) | 862 (3.4) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | |
| High | 31 (0.4) | 86 (0.4) | 1.10 (0.71, 1.71) | 273 (3.5) | 824 (3.2) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | |
| Toluene | Unexposed | 6,963 (99.2) | 22,921 (99.3) | 7,274 (92.6) | 23,644 (92.7) | ||
| Low | 40 (0.6) | 110 (0.5) | 1.32 (0.90, 1.93) | 505 (6.4) | 1,615 (6.3) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | |
| High | 15 (0.2) | 50 (0.2) | 1.01 (0.55, 1.84) | 76 (1.0) | 237 (0.9) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.31) | |
| Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (CHC) | |||||||
| Methylene chloride | Unexposed | 6,964 (99.2) | 22,939 (99.4) | 7,322 (93.2) | 23,848 (93.5) | ||
| Low | 40 (0.6) | 102 (0.4) | 1.36 (0.94, 1.99) | 423 (5.4) | 1,311 (5.1) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | |
| High | 14 (0.2) | 40 (0.2) | 1.28 (0.69, 2.40) | 110 (1.4) | 337 (1.3) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | |
| Perchloroethylene | Unexposed | 6,977 (99.4) | 22,956 (99.5) | 7,763 (98.8) | 25,220 (98.9) | ||
| Low | 28 (0.4) | 92 (0.4) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.58) | 86 (1.1) | 248 (1.0) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | |
| High | 13 (0.2) | 33 (0.1) | 1.28 (0.67, 2.47) | 6 (0.1) | 28 (0.1) | 0.67 (0.28, 1.63) | |
| Trichloroethylene | Unexposed | 6,958 (99.1) | 22,866 (99.1) | 7,396 (94.2) | 24,073 (94.4) | ||
| Low | 38 (0.5) | 148 (0.6) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.23) | 213 (2.7) | 639 (2.5) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) | |
| High | 22 (0.3) | 67 (0.3) | 1.06 (0.65, 1.72) | 246 (3.1) | 784 (3.1) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) | |
| 1,1,1,trichloroethane | Unexposed | 6,937 (98.8) | 22,815 (98.8) | 7,017 (89.3) | 22,937 (90.0) | ||
| Low | 45 (0.6) | 162 (0.7) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 380 (4.8) | 1,147 (4.5) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.25) | |
| High | 36 (0.5) | 104 (0.5) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.67) | 458 (5.8) | 1,412 (5.5) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.19) | |
Note: CI, confidence interval; , number; OR, odds ratio.
a
The exposed group was divided into two groups, based on the 75th percentile of mothers who were exposed and on the 90th percentile of fathers who were exposed.
b
ORs and the corresponding 95% CIs were derived based on logistic regression analysis conditional on year and country of child’s birth. The reference category (unexposed) consists of the parents who were not occupationally exposed to the solvent of interest.