Figure 3.

Raw calculated rate (points) and model predicted (lines) elephant mortality due to (a) potentially parasite‐associated (n = 605 dead and n = 2,476 censored individuals) and (b) non‐parasitic (n = 1,030 dead and n = 2,476 censored) causes across different elephant ages and for different sexes (females are represented by blue lines and points and males by gray dotted lines and points). Raw mortality was calculated as number of death events (total “1”) per age‐year/total number of entries per age‐year (total “0” + total “1”). Plotted points are averaged mortality within 5‐year bins with standard error bars. Plotted data are restricted to elephants aged 55 years and under