Table 3.

Unmodified TPGS based formulations for overcoming MDR

Formulations	Payload	Tumor model	Effects	Ref
TPGS nanocrystals	PTX	Resistant lung cancer	5-fold increase on tumor inhibitory rate on H460/RT	120, 121
TPGS/MCT/Tween 80 nanoemulsions	PTX	Resistant breast cancer	P-gp activity inhibition, 94% inhibitory rate in MCF-7/ADR bearing nude mice	18
TPGS/PEG-b-PDPA micelles	DOX	Resistant breast cancer	P-gp activity inhibition, tumor inhibition in MCF-7/ADR bearing nude mice	38
TPGS/MPEG-SS-2SA mixed micelles	PTX	Resistant breast cancer	Cytotoxicity, P-gp inhibition on MCF-7/PTX	36
TPGS/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG/DQA-PEG-DSPE liposomes	Epirubicin/LND	Resistant non-small cell lung cancer	Targeted accumulation in mitochondria, enhanced antitumor efficacy of combination of both drug-loaded liposomes in A549/cDDP cancer	123
TPGS/EPC/cholesterol/DSPE-PEG/DQA-PEG-DSPE liposomes	Topotecan	Resistant breast cancer	Mitochondrial targeting effect, tumor inhibition on MCF-7/ADR tumor bearing mice, anti-metastasis effect on melanoma	124
TPGS/HA cationic liposomes	PTX/LND	Resistant breast cancer	Inhibition on intracellular ATP production, cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity, MCF-7/MDR tumor inhibition	32
TPGS	PTX/TQR	Resistant breast cancer	IL-10 production by MCF-7/ADR cells, cell viability, P-gp expression	125
TPGS/DSPE-PEG mixed micelles	DOX/ CUR	Resistant non-small cell lung cancer	Cytotoxicity and endocytosis on A549/ADR cells, antitumor effect on LLC-tumor bearing mice	126
TPGS/Poloxamer 407 mixed micelles	Gambogic acid	Resistant breast cancer	Increased cell uptake and 2.9-fold higher cytotoxicity	127
TPGS/Poloxamer 407 mixed micelles	CUR	Resistant breast cancer	3-fold higher cytotoxicity of micelles in NCI/ADR-RES cells	128
TPGS/Poloxamer 407 mixed micelles	DOX	Resistant ovarian cancer	Enhanced cellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity in SKOV3 and DOX-resistant SKOV3 cells	129