Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate moderator analyses.
| Univariate Moderator Analyses
|
Multivariate | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect Size Analyses
|
Heterogeneity Analyses
|
Meta-Regression Analyses
|
|||||||||
| k | N | b | OR | 95% CI | p | I2 | p | b | p | R2 | |
| Overall Childhood Maltreatment | ·67 | ||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 17 | 19,412 | <·01 | ||||||||
| Adolescent | 6 | 4·44 | 4·07–4·84 | <·0001 | 1·71% | ·41 | ·43 | ·13 | |||
| Adultc | 11 | 2·86 | 2·16–3·78 | <·0001 | 67·76% | <·01 | |||||
| Age (Continuous) | 16 | 19,282 | <·01 | ·53 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 18 | 19,537 | <·01 | ·62 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 17 | 19,485 | ·15 | ||||||||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measurea | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| NSSI Measure | 18 | 19,537 | ·11 | ||||||||
| NSSI Timeframe | 17 | 19,343 | <·01 | ||||||||
| 12-Month | 4 | 4·50 | 4·12–4·90 | <·0001 | 0% | ·46 | ·15 | ·62 | |||
| Lifetimec | 13 | 3·06 | 2·34–3·99 | <·0001 | 70·10% | <·0001 | |||||
| Childhood Sexual Abuse | |||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 62 | 48,121 | ·44 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 58 | 46,792 | <·01 | ·54 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 62 | 48,246 | <·01 | ·49 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 61 | 48,150 | ·09 | ||||||||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measure | 61 | 48,091 | ·66 | ||||||||
| NSSI Measure | 63 | 48,246 | ·10 | ||||||||
| NSSI Timeframe | 62 | 48,094 | <·01 | ||||||||
| 12-Month | 15 | 3·52 | 2·84–4·37 | <·0001 | 67·10% | <·01 | |||||
| Lifetime | 47 | 2·38 | 2·05–2·76 | <·0001 | 60·48% | <·0001 | |||||
| Childhood Physical Abuse | |||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 50 | 37,696 | ·26 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 46 | 36,367 | ·02 | ·07 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 50 | 37,821 | <·01 | ·29 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 49 | 37,683 | <·0001 | ||||||||
| Clinical | 32 | 1·78 | 1·56–2·04 | <·0001 | 34·30% | ·03 | |||||
| Community | 17 | 3·29 | 2·64–4·11 | <·0001 | 78·80% | <·0001 | |||||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measure | 48 | 37,526 | ·52 | ||||||||
| NSSI Measure | 51 | 37,821 | ·13 | ||||||||
| NSSI Timeframe | 50 | 37,627 | ·14 | ||||||||
| Childhood Physical Neglect | ·68 | ||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 25 | 17,016 | ·81 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 23 | 16,686 | ·02 | ·09 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 26 | 17,141 | <·01 | ·28 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 24 | 17,003 | <·01 | ||||||||
| Clinicalc | 13 | 1·60 | 1·19–2·15 | <·01 | 55·76% | <·01 | |||||
| Community | 11 | 2·87 | 2·22–3·71 | <·0001 | 60·77% | <·01 | ·50 | <·01 | |||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measure | 24 | 16,986 | ·26 | ||||||||
| NSSI Measure | 26 | 17,141 | ·66 | ||||||||
| NSSI Timeframe | 26 | 17,141 | <·01 | ||||||||
| 12-Month | 4 | 3·87 | 2·59–5·77 | <·0001 | 39·45% | ·18 | ·61 | ·02 | |||
| Lifetimec | 22 | 2·01 | 1·58–2·54 | <·0001 | 67·61% | <·0001 | |||||
| Childhood Emotional Abuse | ·77 | ||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 29 | 27,768 | ·83 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 25 | 26,497 | <·01 | ·59 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 28 | 27,768 | <·01 | ·10 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 27 | 27,630 | ·03 | ||||||||
| Clinicalc | 16 | 2·69 | 2·08–3·47 | <·0001 | 75·28% | <·0001 | |||||
| Community | 11 | 3·66 | 3·31–4·04 | <·0001 | 29·43% | ·17 | <·01 | ·77 | |||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measure | 29 | 27,768 | <·0001 | ||||||||
| Interviewc | 4 | 1·85 | 1·55–2·21 | <·0001 | 19·88% | ·29 | |||||
| Questionnaire | 25 | 3·32 | 2·91–3·79 | <·0001 | 60·67% | <·0001 | ·16 | ·44 | |||
| NSSI Measure | 29 | 27,768 | <·01 | ||||||||
| Interviewc | 10 | 2·19 | 1·64–2·92 | <·0001 | 71·92% | <·01 | |||||
| Questionnaire | 19 | 3·74 | 3·50–3·99 | <·0001 | 0% | ·61 | ·56 | <·01 | |||
| NSSI Timeframe | 29 | 27,768 | ·51 | ||||||||
| Childhood Emotional Neglect | |||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 18 | 3,343 | ·24 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 16 | 3,013 | <·01 | ·09 | |||||||
| Percentage Female | 19 | 3,468 | <·01 | ·59 | |||||||
| Sample Type | 17 | 3,330 | ·02 | ||||||||
| Clinical | 12 | 1·53 | 1·19–1·97 | <·01 | 67.98% | <·01 | |||||
| Community | 5 | 2·45 | 1·78–3·36 | <·0001 | 0% | .90 | |||||
| Childhood Maltreatment Measure | 19 | 3,468 | ·68 | ||||||||
| NSSI Measure | 19 | 3,468 | ·82 | ||||||||
| NSSI Timeframeb | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Note: k = number of unique effects; OR = pooled odds ratio; CI = confidence interval
In analyses of sample type, at-risk and clinical samples were combined and compared to community samples.
a
Not enough observations from studies employing interview measures of childhood maltreatment (k = 2) were available for moderator analysis.
b
All but two studies analyzed lifetime history of NSSI in relation to childhood maltreatment, and thus moderator analysis was not conducted.
c
The category with the smallest effect size in univariate moderator analysis served as the reference group in the corresponding meta-regression analysis.