Table 1.

Results of PERMANOVA analysis of canopy structure variability at each spatial scale (quadrat, individuals within quadrats, height classes, external/internal leaves)

	Source	df	SS	MS	Pseudo‐F	p (perm)
SLA	Quadrat	2	4.67	2.33	3.72	.033
	h_class	1	69.77	69.77	111.14	.001
	E/I	1	9.94	9.94	15.84	.001
	individual (quadrat)	31	56.68	1.83	2.91	.001
	quadrat*h_class	2	0.21	0.11	0.17	.842
	quadrat*E/I	2	1.01	0.50	0.80	.454
	h_class*E/I	1	0.38	0.38	0.61	.440
	individual (quadrat)*h_class_	31	21.84	0.70	1.12	.263
	individual (quadrat)*E/I	31	22.84	0.74	1.17	.260
	quadrat*h_class*E/I	2	.49	1.74	2.78	.065
	individual(quadrat)*h_class*E/I	31	18.19	0.59	0.93	.590
	Residual	269	168.88	0.63
π	Quadrat	2	16.21	8.10	10.42	.001
	h_class	1	5.93	5.93	7.61	.006
	E/I	1	10.66	10.66	13.71	.002
	individual(quadrat)	31	91.99	2.98	3.81	.001
	quadrat*h_class	2	3.93	1.97	2.53	.084
	quadrat*E/I	2	9.94	4.97	6.39	.005
	h_class*E/I	1	4.27	4.27	5.49	.018
	individual(quadrat)*h_class	31	15.32	0.49	0.63	.938
	individual(quadrat)*E/I	31	26.90	0.87	1.11	.327
	quadrat*h_class*E/I	2	2.72	1.36	1.75	.163
	individual(quadrat)*h_class*E/I	31	17.44	0.56	0.72	.855
	Residual	269	209.26	0.78

df, degrees of freedom; SS, sum of squares, MS, mean squares; Pseudo‐F: pseudo‐F statistics.

Bold text indicates p‐values <.05