Table 3.
Environmental, maternal and child health (MCH) factors and underweight status of children aged under 5 years in Ilam district Nepal.
| Environmental factors | Categories | Total number (%)a | Underweight children (%)b | p-Value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main source of drinking water | Improved source | 273 (91.0) | 100 (36.6) | 0.41 |
| Not improved source | 27 (9.0) | 12 (57.1) | ||
| Water purified in past 24 h | Boiling | 143 (47.7) | 49 (34.3) | 0.07* |
| Filtration | 30 (10.0) | 6 (20.0) | ||
| No treatment | 127 (42.3) | 57 (44.9) | ||
| Types of toilet | Flush latrine | 146 (48.7) | 41 (28.1) | <0.001* |
| Pit latrine | 141 (47.0) | 63 (44.7) | ||
| No latrine | 13 (4.3) | 8 (61.5) | ||
| Type of cooking fuel used | Solid fuel | 238 (79.3) | 95 (39.9) | 0.07* |
| Liquid fuel | 62 (20.7) | 17 (27.4) | ||
| Hand washed with soap and water in previous 24 h | No | 19 (6.3) | 11 (58.0) | 0.06* |
| Yes | 281 (93.7) | 101 (35.0) | ||
| Number of sleeping rooms | <2 rooms | 59 (19.7) | 34 (57.6) | <0.00* |
| ≥2 rooms | 241 (80.3) | 78 (32.4) | ||
| Maternal and child health factors | ||||
| Perceived size at birth | Small | 30 (10) | 18 (60.0) | <0.001* |
| Normal | 270 (90) | 94 (34.8) | ||
| Weighed at birth | No | 132 (44) | 59 (44.7) | 0.02* |
| Yes | 168 (56) | 53 (31.5) | ||
| Antenatal care | No | 19 (6.3) | 13 (68.4) | 0.07 |
| 1–3 visits | 90 (30.0) | 41 (45.6) | ||
| 4 more visits | 191 (63.7) | 58 (30.3) | ||
| Place of delivery | Home | 135 (45) | 60 (44.6) | 0.022* |
| Health facility | 165 (55) | 52 (31.5) | ||
| Postnatal care | No | 121 (40.3) | 54 (44.6) | 0.032* |
| Yes | 179 (59.7) | 58 (32.4) | ||
| Child growth monitoring in past six months | No | 35 (11.7) | 21 (60.0) | <0.01* |
| Yes | 265 (88.3) | 91 (34.3) | ||
| Diarrhea in past 30 days before interview | No | 224 (75.0) | 81 (36) | 0.49 |
| Yes | 76 (25.0) | 31(41) | ||
aColumn percentage.
bRow percentage.
#Chi-square test of association.
*p < 0.05.