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. 2017 Dec 22;8:2119. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02119

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Copyright © 2017 Kollars, Henry, Whalen, Boyer, Cusson, Eklöf, Hereu, Jorgensen, Kiriakopolos, Reynolds, Tomas, Turner and Ruesink.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot of the maximum effect sizes (Hedges’ d) and 95% confidence intervals from the 14 independent measurements from 11 studies used in the top-down analysis. Percent changes of the mean biomass in the absence of birds from the presence of birds is also provided. Dixon (2009) performed experiments at three unique sites and we treated each site as an independent study (site name listed in parentheses). The RE model is the random effects model produced by the rma function in the package metafor and shows the estimate and confidence interval of the overall effect of waterfowl presence on Zostera abundance.