. 2017 Dec 19;9(12):406. doi: 10.3390/toxins9120406

Table 2.

Peripheral and Central mediators involved in pain induced by secretory phospholipases A₂ (sPLA₂) isolated from animal venoms.

sPLA₂	sPLA₂ Subtype	Venom Source	Pain-Enhancing Effects	sPLA₂’ Structural Determinants	Mechanisms	References
Myotoxin II	Lys-49 PLA₂	B. asper	Mechanical hyperalgesia (injected s.c., intra-articularly or around nerve)	C-terminal cationic/hydrophobic sequence 115–129	Periphery: histamine, serotonin, sympathomimetic amines, endothelin, bradykinin, cytokines, prostaglandins; cellular influx (intraarticular injection)	[48,143]
				C-terminal cationic/hydrophobic sequence 115–129	Spinal cord: nitric oxide, prostanoids, IL-1 and IL-6 *, astrocytes and microglia	[48,127,131]
			Mechanical allodynia (injected around nerve)	ND ^&	Spinal cord: nitric oxide, prostanoid,; IL-1 and IL-6 *, astrocytes and microglia	[48,127]
Myotoxin III	Asp-49 PLA₂	B. asper	Mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia (injected s.c. or around nerve)	Enzymatic activity	Periphery: Bradykinin	[48]
Myotoxin III	Asp-49 PLA₂	B. asper		Enzymatic activity	Spinal cord: nitric oxide, prostanoids; IL-1 and IL-6 *, astrocytes and microglia	[48,127,131]
BomoTx	Asp-49 PLA₂	B. moojeni	nonneurogenic inflammatory pain, thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia (injected s.c.)	ND ^&	ATP release; P2X2 and P2X3 purinergic receptors activation (mechanical sensitization), involvement of TRPV1-fibers (thermal hypernociception)	[134]
BthTx-I	Lys-49 PLA₂	B. jararacussu	Mechanical hyperalgesia (injected s.c.)	K115; K116; R118; K122 (in the C-terminal)	ND ^&	[137]
CB ^#	Asp-49 PLA₂	C. d. terrificus	Abdominal hyperalgesia (injected into the common bile duct)	ND ^&	NK1 receptors	[141]

^# basic toxic phospholipase A₂ component of crotoxin, the main crotalid venom toxin; ^& ND: Not determined; * For the PLA₂ administered around the nerve.