Table 1.
Activity of identified ice-binding proteins in plants and their similarity with other proteins.
| Protein | Plant of origin | Ice-binding activity | Similarity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLU-AFP, CHT-AFP, TLP-AFP | Winter rye (Secale cereale) | TH = 0.03°C at 0.1 mg/mL, hexagonal bipyramidal crystals | Two β-1,3-endoglucanases, one class-I endochitinase, one class-II endochitinase, two thaumatin-like | Hon et al. (1994, 1995);Yeh et al., 2000 |
| STHP-64 | Bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) | TH = ∼0.3°C at >30 mg/mL, high levels of IRI | WRKY transcription factor | Duman (1994);Huang and Duman (2002) |
| DcAFP | Carrot (Daucus carota) | TH = 0.35°C at >1 mg/mL, high levels of IRI | Poly-galacturonase inhibition protein | Worrall et al. (1998);Smallwood et al. (1999) |
| LpAFP, LpIRI2/3 | Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) | TH = ∼0.3°C at 1.5 mg/mL, high levels of IRI | Phytosulfokine receptor kinase | Sidebottom et al. (2000); Bredow et al. (2016a) |
| AmAFGP | Mongol Menkhargana (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) | TH = 0.15°C at 5 mg/mL and 0.35°C at 10 mg/mL, hexagonal bipyramidal ice shaping, IRI activity | Agglutinin | Fei et al. (2001); Wang et al. (2003);Fei et al. (2008) |
| FsAFP | Weeping forsythia (Forsythia suspensa) | IRI activity at very low concentrations (6 μg/mL) | Dehydrin-like protein | Simpson et al. (2005) |
| TaIRI1-2 | Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) | High IRI activity | Thaumatin-like protein | Kontogiorgos et al. (2007) |
| BiCHT-1 | Smooth brome (Bromus inermis) | Hexagonal bipyramidal ice shaping | Chitinase | Nakamura et al. (2008) |
| RsAFP | Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) | TH = ∼0.2°C at 40 μg/mL, IRI activity, hexagonal ice shaping | None reported | Kawahara et al. (2009) |
| PaAFP | Norway spruce (Picea abies) | TH = 2.19°C at 400 μg/mL, bipyramidal ice crystals | Chitinase | Jarzabek et al. (2009) |
| PpAFP | Blue spruce (Picea pungens) | TH = 2.02°C at 400 μg/mL, bipyramidal ice crystals | Chitinase | Jarzabek et al. (2009) |
| CpCHT-AFP | Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) | TH = 0.52°C at 1.5 mg/mL, hexagonal bipyramidal ice crystals | Class I endochitinase | Zhang et al. (2011) |
| LlAFP1-3 | Chinese privet (Ligustrum lucidum) | TH = 0.38-0.68°C at 5 mg/mL | None reported | Cai et al. (2011) |
| HrCHT-1a/b | Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) | TH = 0.19°C at 0.2 mg/mL, high IRI activity, hexagonal ice shaping | Class I endochitinase | Gupta and Deswal (2012) |
| BaAFP-1 | Malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) | TH = 1.04°C at 18 mg/mL | Alpha-amylase inhibitor protein | Ding et al. (2015) |
| BdIRI1-7 | Purple false brome (Brachypodium distachyon) | TH = ∼0.15°C at 0.5 mg/mL, high IRI activity, hexagonal bipyramidal crystals | Phytosulfokine receptor kinase | Bredow et al. (2016b) |