Figure 4.

Maternal exposure to inhaled CAPs during different periods of pregnancy in experiment 3 as described in “Methods” are associated with PTB (A), LBW (B), decreased CRL (C) and decreased SGA (D). The results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences ($p<0.05$) among the groups for each end point; ANOVA was followed by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc testing to determine differences compared with FA. Data are the $\text{means}\pm \text{standard}\text{error}\left(\text{SE}\right)$ from $n=8–11$ dams for CAPs-exposed mice during periods 1 – 4. Because no differences were observed among the four periods for FA control values, the values were pooled ($n=26$). Note: CAPs, concentrated ambient ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ (fine-sized particulate matter); CRL, crown-to-rump length; FA, filtered air; LBW, low birth weight; PTB, preterm birth; SGA, size for gestational age. *$p<0.05$ compared with FA dams based on post hoc testing.