Table 3.

Dose–response trends for pesticide use and risk of incident AMD among male pesticide applicators, AHS 1993-2007.

Cumulative days of use	Case		Control		ORa	95% CI		p-Value for trend
	$n$	%	$n$	%
Organochlorine insecticides
Aldrinb
0	43	67	8,950	79	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	8	13	1,107	10	1.0	0.5	2.2
$>10–100$	8	13	1,060	9	1.0	0.5	2.1
$>100$	5	8	211	2	3.0	1.1	7.6	0.233
Chlordaneb
0	43	65	8,771	77	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	9	14	1,734	15	0.8	0.4	1.7
$>10$	14	21	834	7	2.4	1.3	4.5	0.025
DDTb
0	30	45	8,308	73	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	9	14	1,396	12	0.9	0.4	1.8
$>10–100$	19	29	1,033	9	2.3	1.3	4.2
$>100$	8	12	575	5	1.9	0.8	4.2	0.011
Heptachlorb
0	54	81	9,708	85	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	4	6	885	8	0.6	0.2	1.6
$>10$	9	13	819	7	1.4	0.7	2.8	0.670
Lindaneb
0	49	74	9,535	84	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	5	8	817	7	1.2	0.5	3.0
$>10–100$	7	11	683	6	1.9	0.9	4.3
$>100$	5	8	290	3	3.5	1.4	9.0	0.005
Toxapheneb
0	54	81	9,876	87	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	6	9	786	7	1.1	0.5	2.6
$>10$	7	10	750	7	1.3	0.6	2.8	0.527
Organophosphate insecticides
Chlorpyrifos
0	52	57	12,679	57	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	15	16	3,137	14	1.3	0.7	2.3
$>10–100$	15	16	4,287	19	1.1	0.6	1.9
$>100$	10	11	2,081	9	1.7	0.8	3.3	0.224
Diazinonb
0	46	71	8,782	78	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	7	11	1,196	11	1.1	0.5	2.5
$>10$	12	18	1,326	12	1.6	0.8	3.0	0.174
Dichlorvos
0	70	86	17,938	88	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	5	6	736	4	1.9	0.8	4.8
$>10$	6	7	1,779	9	1.1	0.5	2.5	0.558
Fonofos
0	63	77	15,648	76	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	4	5	1,500	7	0.8	0.3	2.2
$>10$	15	18	3,451	17	1.2	0.7	2.2	0.522
Malathionb
0	21	32	3,720	33	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	12	18	2,961	26	0.8	0.4	1.5
$>10–100$	15	23	3,247	29	0.9	0.4	1.7
$>100$	17	26	1,352	12	2.0	1.1	3.9	0.093
Parathionb
0	52	81	10,353	92	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	8	13	403	4	3.3	1.6	7.1
$>10$	4	6	548	5	1.3	0.5	3.8	0.087
Phorateb
0	39	61	7,570	67	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	6	9	1,552	14	0.8	0.3	1.9
$>10–100$	9	14	1,664	15	1.0	0.5	2.2
$>100$	10	16	557	5	3.5	1.7	7.2	0.020
Terbufos
0	49	61	12,154	59	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	4	5	2,047	10	0.6	0.2	1.6
$>10$	27	34	6,371	31	1.3	0.8	2.0	0.394
Other insecticides
Carbofuran
0	54	67	13,797	68	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	8	10	2,614	13	0.7	0.3	1.5
$>10–100$	13	16	2,857	14	1.1	0.6	2.1
$>100$	6	7	1,121	5	1.5	0.6	3.5	0.463
Carbarylb
0	27	40	6,178	55	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	15	22	2,042	18	1.5	0.8	2.9
$>10–100$	11	16	1,728	15	1.1	0.5	2.3
$>100$	15	22	1,355	12	1.9	1.0	3.6	0.101
Permethrin (crops)
0	67	84	17,630	87	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	8	10	1,394	7	2.1	0.99	4.4
$>10$	5	6	1,287	6	1.4	0.6	3.5	0.150
Herbicides
2,4-D
0	13	14	4,580	21	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	10	11	2,502	11	1.4	0.6	3.2
$>10–100$	26	28	6,877	31	1.4	0.7	2.8
$>100$	44	47	8,116	37	2.2	1.2	4.1	0.011
2,4,5,Tb
0	44	69	8,833	78	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	10	16	1,430	13	1.0	0.5	2.0
$>10$	10	16	1,116	10	1.2	0.6	2.4	0.635
Alachlor
0	30	36	8,622	42	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	12	14	2,633	13	1.4	0.7	2.8
$>10–100$	19	23	5,025	25	1.2	0.7	2.2
$>100$	22	27	4,176	20	1.9	1.1	3.3	0.046
Atrazine
0	24	26	5,566	25	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	8	9	2,686	12	0.8	0.4	1.9
$>10–100$	28	30	6,561	30	1.2	0.7	2.1
$>100$	34	36	7,387	33	1.5	0.9	2.5	0.111
Butylateb
0	49	74	7,968	70	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	5	8	1,177	10	0.8	0.3	2.0
$>10$	12	18	2,246	20	1.2	0.6	2.3	0.668
Chlorimuron ethylb
0	47	71	7,907	69	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	12	18	2,274	20	1.2	0.6	2.2
$>10$	7	11	1,240	11	1.2	0.5	2.6	0.633
Cyanazine
0	41	52	11,217	55	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	11	14	2,816	14	1.3	0.6	2.5
$>10–100$	17	22	3,986	19	1.4	0.8	2.5
$>100$	10	13	2,556	12	1.5	0.8	3.1	0.141
Dicamba
0	39	49	9,454	46	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	10	13	3,089	15	1.0	0.5	2.0
$>10–100$	16	20	4,934	24	1.1	0.6	1.9
$>100$	15	19	2,887	14	1.9	1.03	3.5	0.112
EPTC
0	65	82	16,124	79	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	7	9	1,902	9	1.1	0.5	2.5
$>10$	7	9	2,284	11	1.0	0.5	2.2	0.917
Glyphosate
0	15	16	5,104	23	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	18	19	4,929	22	1.3	0.6	2.5
$>10–100$	33	35	7,403	33	1.7	0.9	3.1
$>100$	28	30	4,783	22	2.6	1.4	4.9	0.002
Imazethapyr
0	45	59	11,670	57	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	13	17	3,957	19	1.1	0.6	2.1
$>10$	18	24	4,748	23	1.5	0.9	2.6	0.167
Metolachlor
0	41	53	10,720	52	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	10	13	2,435	12	1.2	0.6	2.5
$>10–100$	13	17	4,275	21	1.0	0.5	1.8
$>100$	13	17	3,078	15	1.5	0.8	2.9	0.325
Metribuzinb
0	40	60	6,746	59	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	13	19	2,253	20	1.2	0.6	2.3
$>10$	14	21	2,389	21	1.4	0.7	2.6	0.282
Paraquatb
0	53	80	9,560	84	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	7	11	1,032	9	1.2	0.5	2.6
$>10$	6	9	829	7	1.4	0.6	3.2	0.413
Pendimethalinb
0	42	66	7,250	64	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	14	22	1,924	17	1.4	0.8	2.6
$>10$	8	13	2,239	20	0.8	0.4	1.8	0.980
Petrolium oilb
0	48	79	8,894	78	1.0	Reference
$>0–100$	7	11	1,771	16	0.8	0.4	1.8
$>100$	6	10	679	6	1.9	0.8	4.5	0.370
Trifluralin
0	35	45	9,185	45	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	9	12	1,813	9	1.3	0.6	2.7
$>10–100$	15	19	4,862	24	0.9	0.5	1.7
$>100$	19	24	4,657	23	1.4	0.8	2.5	0.386
Fungicides
Captan
0	66	81	17,971	89	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	7	9	1,436	7	1.8	0.8	3.9
$>10$	8	10	677	3	2.9	1.4	6.2	0.002
Manebb
0	56	84	10,447	92	1.0	Reference
$>0–100$	7	10	694	6	1.7	0.8	3.7
$2)100+$	4	6	239	2	2.5	0.9	6.9	0.039
Metalaxylb
0	54	82	9,216	81	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	5	8	723	6	1.2	0.5	3.0
$>10$	7	11	1,394	12	0.9	0.4	1.9	0.822
Fumigants
Methyl bromide
0	77	82	18,556	84	1.0	Reference
$>0–10$	6	6	923	4	1.2	0.5	2.9
$>10$	11	12	2,728	12	0.8	0.4	1.5	0.582

Note: AHS, Agricultrual Health Study; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; OR, odds ratio. 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5,-TP, 2-propionic acid (fenoprop).

^aAdjusted for age and smoking.

^bData available only for subset of applicators who completed the take-home questionnaire.