Table 1.

Demographic and military service history characteristics as a function of self-employment

	Total Wgt N	Self-Employed n = 230 M(SD)	Employee n = 1055 M(SD)	t/ρ^	Cohen’s d
Age	1286	59.63 (12.18)	49.96 (12.41)	−9.95**	.78
Combat Exposure Scale (0–44, α = .90)	419	11.49 (10.37)	11.71 (11.52)	.14	−.02
Years of Military Service	1227^	6.39 (6.38)	7.29 (7.02)	−.06+	–
Effect of Military on Life (1–7)	1217^	2.13 (1.48)	2.03 (1.33)	.01	–
	Total Wgt N	Self-Employed Wgt%, N	Employee gt %, N	χ2
Gender Female	1287	7%, 24	11%, 149	2.59
Ethnicity Caucasian (R)	1287	81%, 191	70%, 844	9.49**
Education Some College or Higher	1287	80%, 205	67%, 896	13.26**
Household Income ≥ 60k	1287	56%, 131	59%, 702	.48
VA Primary Source Health Care	1286	23%, 53	14%, 127	9.10**
Marital Status Married/Living with a Partner (R)	1286	80%, 185	78%, 849	.31
Served in Combat	1280	33%, 85	33% 345	.01
Drafted	1284	12%, 26	5% 79	10.92**
Military Branch
Army	1286	41%, 92	35%, 404	2.55
Air Force	1286	18%, 51	20%, 254	.49
Marine Corps	1287	14%, 26	16%, 111	.54
Navy	1286	23%, 55	25%, 249	.65
National Guard	1286	4%, 4	2%, 21	3.07
Coast Guard	1286	1%, 2	1%, 9	.40
Other	1286	0%, 0	1%, 5	1.05
Conflict/Service Era
Iraq/Afghanistan	1286	2%, 6	11%, 73	14.15**
Gulf war	1286	5%, 8	8%, 72	2.52
Vietnam war	1287	19%, 57	10%, 155	11.90**
Korean war	1286	0%, 0	1%, 6	.87
WWII	1287	2%, 3	<1%, 2	16.86**
Other	1268	4%, 11	3%, 29	.90

Wgt = weighted. Employee = working as a paid employee. Values represent a weighted mean and SD or a weighted percent and raw, unweighted frequency (n).

⁺p < .07,

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01.

^{^}Spearman rho correlation (ρ) is provided because of non-normal [skewed, kurtotic] distribution. (R) = reference group.