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Mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells work to protect the intestine against NEC. Beneficial effects provided by stem cells are likely achieved through one or more of these pathways. A) MSC homing, engraftment and differentiation. B) Paracrine release of anti-inflammatory mediators, exosomes, microRNA, and/or cytokines. C) Heterotopic cell fusion with direct transfer of cellular biomaterials.
