Fig. 2.

Differential effect of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-17 on osteoclast differentiation of canine bone marrow-derived macrophages (A) at early phase is shown. Early challenges with cytokines were performed concurrently with the first RANKL stimulation (at 0 hr). TNF-α increased the (B) number of osteoclast and (C, D) area of resorption while IL-1β inhibits osteoclast formation in all concentrations. (E) Relative mRNA expression of cathepsin K was significantly upregulated with the presence of 5 ng/ml of TNF-α. (F) Expression of MMP9 was significantly lower in all the treatments in early phase of maturation. Values are the means ± SEM of 5 independent experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.001 compared with control group. Scale bar=200 µm.