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(a)–(c) Fractional population of the electronic ground state of HCCI+, treated as a two-level system and aligned parallel to an 800-nm laser field of the indicated intensities. The blue line shows the exact solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, whereas the green line is the solution for the rotating-wave approximation neglecting higher order frequencies in the population transfer. The time-dependent laser field is illustrated in the lower panels.
