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. 2017 Dec 6;6(4):42. doi: 10.3390/biology6040042

Table 14.

Diverse Regulatory Functions Reported for Long Non-coding lncRNA Molecules.

Organism or Taxon Function(s)
Budding yeast Galactose metabolism, controls speed of transcriptional induction by galactose
Fission yeast Phosphate-induced epigenetic silencing
Budding, fission yeast Cellular responses to environmental changes
Fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans lncRNA RZE1 regulates yeast-to-hypha transition
Plasmodium falciparum

  1. Gametocyte development;

  2. Telomere associated lncRNAs
Plants Flower development and timing
Arabidopsis

  1. Stress response lncRNAs;

  2. lncRNA TER regulates telomerase activity
Tomato Fruit ripening
Drosophila

  1. Sex determination;

  2. X chromosome dosage compensation
Tetrapods Spermatogenesis, synaptic transmission, placenta development
Mammals

  1. mRNA transcription;

  2. Stem cell pluripotency;

  3. Epigenetic chromatin formatting;

  4. Placental membrane integrity;

  5. Androgen receptor-regulated transcription;

  6. Synaptic connectivity in brain
Marsupial (Monodelphis domestica) Female X chromosome inactivation by repeat-rich lncRNA Rsx
Goat (Capra hircus) Skin pigmentation
Mouse

  1. Enhancer methylation and transcription control;

  2. Diurnal metabolic regulation;

  3. Cell reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells;

  4. Imprinted Igfr2 silencing;

  5. Myogenesis (SINE-containing lncRNA acting on STAU-1 mRNA decay);

  6. lncRNA Dum regulates myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration;

  7. Translation of brain UCHL1 protein involved in preventing neurodegeneration, regulation by SINEB2 recognition;

  8. lncRNA Evf2 modulates chromatin formation in forebrain development;

  9. lncRNA-HIT mediates TGF beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelia and is essential for chondrogenic differentiation in the limb mesenchyme (cartilage formation);

  10. lncRNA Fendrr regulates heart and body wall development;

  11. Male germline development
Rat Long-term potentiation of synaptic connectivity in adult brain development
Primate

  1. lncRNA ANRIL regulates expression of three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and atherogenesis, ANRIL Alu exons acquired in primate lineage;

  2. Primate-specific lncRNA HPAT-5 required for stem cell pluripotency
Human

  1. 18,871,097 lncRNA-RNA base-pairings likely involved in processing, stability control and functions of 57,303 transcripts;

  2. Centromere function;

  3. Steroid receptor activation;

  4. Endocrine regulation;

  5. Rb and p53 signaling pathways;

  6. lncRNA RoR is a p53 repressor in response to DNA damage and acts as microRNA sponge in transcription factor control;

  7. lncRNA LED stimulates p53 activated transcription;

  8. lncRNA H19 modulates S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and DNA methylation;

  9. lncRNA HOTAIR regulates chromatin dynamics;

  10. lncRNA NBR2 regulates AMP-activated protein kinase under energy stress;

  11. lncRNA Xist required for X inactivation;

  12. lncRNA XACT in active X chromosome expression;

  13. Apoptosis and lysosomal processes (Alu recognition by lncRNA GAS5);

  14. STAU-1 mRNA decay (stimulated by Alu pairing);

  15. Cell cycle regulation by lncRNA APTR;

  16. lncRNA Firre controls mRNA retention in the nucleus, nucleolar anchoring of inactive X;

  17. lncRNA ROR regulates stem cell pluripotency; has sequences from >12 mobile elements, including a long HERVH 5’ sequence characteristic of several pluripotent cell lncRNAs, acts as microRNA sponge;

  18. Stem cell specificities;

  19. Stem cell pluripotency and cancer cell proliferation, transcription from retroviral promoters;

  20. Pluripotency and neuronal differentiation regulation of chromatin modifiers and transcription factors;

  21. lncRNA-mediated regulation of the interferon response;

  22. lncRNA ANRIL regulates inflammatory responses as a novel component of NF-kappaB pathway;

  23. Innate and adaptive immune responses;

  24. lncRNA TINCR regulates epidermal differentiation;

  25. Neurodevelopment and brain function;

  26. Chromatin modification, epigenetic regulation, alternative splicing, and translational control by MALAT1, HOTAIR and TRE lncRNAs represent important examples of lncRNA-mediated control of cell migration and invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition and metastasis

A more detailed and fully referenced version of this table is available as Supplementary Table S14.