Table 15.

Diverse Mutagenic Natural Genetic Engineering Outcomes.

Mutation Type	Biochemical Activity
Single nucleotide substitutions	Y-family mutagenic trans-lesion DNA polymerase; error-prone repair systems
Frameshifts	Y-family mutagenic trans-lesion DNA polymerase; error-prone repair systems
Deletions (bacteria)	Y-family mutagenic trans-lesion DNA polymerase; error-prone repair systems
Deletions and translocations (often with microhomologies)	Mre11, CltP exonucleases; canonical or alternative non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) complexes
Deletions and translocations	Non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between mobile DNA repeats
Deletion	Elevated transcription, Topoisomerase I; LINE-1-mediated; non-allelic homologous recombination between dispersed mobile repeats
Translocations	Nonhomologous end joining or microhomology-mediated break-induced replication
Somatic hypermutation and kataegis: multiple clustered nucleotide substitutions	AID or APOBEC cytosine deaminase
Chromothripsis and complex chromosome segment insertions	Loss of p53-dependent checkpoints; Rad51 homologous recombination; NHEJ; premature chromosome condensation; segregation of chromosome breakage and repair into a micronucleus; L1-Mediated Retrotransposition and Alu-Alu NAHR (Not all these processes are involved in each chromothripsis event.)

A more detailed and fully referenced version of this table is available as Supplementary Table S15.