Table 17.
Different Genome Changes Observed in Cancer Cells.
| Stress-Induced Mutagenic Activity |
|---|
| Hypermutability following loss of replication proofreading functions |
| Massive genome rearrangements (“karyotype chaos”) |
| Homology-independent rearrangements (NHEJ) |
| Retrotransposon activation |
| Non-canonical termination of homologous recombination |
| Kataegis and somatic hypermutation |
| Cytosine deaminase-dependent chromosome translocation |
| Chromothripsis |
| Chromothripsis linked to oncogene amplification |
| Complex insertion-deletion mutations (indels) |
| Tandem duplications as well as formation of “amplicons” with rearranged and amplified chromosomal segments, a.k.a. copy number variations (CNVs) |
| Formation of amplified circular extrachromosomal DNAs |
| Processed pseudogene formation |
| L1 retrotransposition |
| Extensive L1 retrotransduction of non-repetitive DNA |
| Transfer of mitochondrial DNA into nuclear genome |
| RAG transposase/recombinase-mediated chromosome rearrangement in immune system tumors |
| Somatic hypermutation involving a reverse transcriptase-based mutator activity |
A fully referenced version of this table is available as Supplementary Table S17. (See also http://shapiro.bsd.uchicago.edu/Cancer%20Genome%20Changes.pdf).