Table 1.

The effects of various antimicrobial agents on B. burgdorferi as determined by SYBR Green I/PI assay (Panel (A)) or direct counting assay (Panel (B)). Doxycycline, Cefoperazone, Daptomycin and their combination (D + C + D) as well as different concentration of bee venom and melittin were tested on B. burgdorferi logarithmic phase (spirochetes) culture and stationary phase (persisters) cultures as well as in 7-day recovery subculture as described previously [6,7,8,26]. n = 9.

A. SYBR Green I/PI Assay	Spirochetes			Persisters			7 Day Subculture
Treatments	% Control	% SD	% Median	% Control	% SD	% Median	% Control	% SD	% Median
Control	100	11	100	100	12	100	100	16	100
Doxycycline (10 μg/mL)	33	4	33	83	3	86	122	2	83
Cefoperazone (10 μg/mL)	67	1	66	38	22	41	4	9	3
Daptomycin (10 μg/mL)	108	2	107	113	32	120	52	8	43
D + C + D (10 μg/mL)	66	1	65	32	7	34	3	9	2
Bee venom (100 μg/mL)	61	11	63	62	7	74	88	29	141
Bee venom (400 μg/mL)	45	11	37	44	25	43	59	19	115
Bee venom (800 μg/mL)	33	8	32	32	2	35	95	31	55
Melittin (50 μg/mL)	65	1	67	105	6	91	113	3	103
Melittin (200 μg/mL)	65	24	67	106	0	94	75	0	69
Melittin (400 μg/mL)	49	6	54	61	2	57	87	1	80
B. Direct Counting Assay	Spirochetes			Persisters			7 Day Subculture
Treatments	% Control	% SD	% Median	% Control	% SD	% Median	% Control	% SD	% Median
Control	100	19	100	100	5	100	100	8	100
Doxycycline (10 μg/mL)	5	6	5	62	10	67	72	12	60
Cefoperazone (10 μg/mL)	1	1	0	43	4	43	2	6	2
Daptomycin (10 μg/mL)	65	7	73	34	5	36	35	6	175
D + C + D (10 μg/mL)	0	0	0	17	3	17	2	6	0
Bee venom (100 μg/mL)	5	6	4	80	10	79	79	5	65
Bee venom (400 μg/mL)	0	0	0	22	4	21	47	2	29
Bee venom (800 μg/mL)	0	0	0	8	3	7	1	1	0
Melittin (50 μg/mL)	0	0	0	13	5	13	0	0	0
Melittin (200 μg/mL)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Melittin (400 μg/mL)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0