Table 1.
Resilience items included in EFA (grouped by hypothesized domain).
| Domain | Corresponding items | Origin |
|---|---|---|
| 1.Self-mastery; self-confidence (8 items) | I get restless; I cannot sit still for long (reverse) | SDQ |
| I am easily distracted; I find it difficult to concentrate (reverse) | SDQ | |
| I am nervous in new situations. I easily lose confidence (reverse) | SDQ | |
| I have many fears, I’ m easily scared. (reverse) | SDQ | |
| I am usually on my own. I generally play alone or keep to myself. (reverse) | SDQ | |
| I finish the things I’ m doing. My attention is good. | SDQ | |
| How would you describe your grades in school? Excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor? | Developed for GSS | |
| Overall, do you think that you have difficulties in one or more of the following areas: emotions, concentration, behavior or being able to get on with other people? (responded none) | SDQ | |
| 2. Social skills/empathy (11 items) | I try to be nice to people. I care about their feelings | SDQ |
| I usually share with others (food, games, pens etc.). | SDQ | |
| I am helpful if someone is hurt, upset or feeling ill. | SDQ | |
| I have one good friend or more | SDQ | |
| I fight a lot. I can make other people do what I want (reverse) | SDQ | |
| Other people of my age generally like me. | SDQ | |
| I’ m kind to younger children | SDQ | |
| I am often accused of cheating or lying (reverse) | SDQ | |
| I often volunteer to help others | SDQ | |
| I get along better with adults than with people my own age (reverse) | SDQ | |
| Have you ever used physical violence against anyone, like hitting, slapping, punching or kicking? (responded no) | Developed for GSS | |
| 3. Family connectedness (6 items) | I feel like my parents/caregivers care about me. | Connectedness scale |
| I feel safe at home. | Connectedness scale | |
| I feel like I belong at home. | Connectedness scale | |
| I like to spend time at home. | Connectedness scale | |
| I am scared of my parents/caregivers (reverse) | Connectedness scale | |
| In the past year, how often has a parent or caregiver helped you with your schoolwork? | Developed for GSS | |
| 4. Peers connectedness (3 items) | I feel close to students at my school. | Connectedness scale |
| I have friends that I can talk to about important things. | Connectedness scale | |
| I have friends that I can count on for support. | Connectedness scale | |
| 4. School connectedness/ meaningful participation (7 items) | I feel that my teachers care about me. | Connectedness scale |
| I feel safe in school. | Connectedness scale | |
| I feel like I belong at school. | Connectedness scale | |
| I like to spend time at school. | Connectedness scale | |
| I am scared of my teachers. (reverse) | Connectedness scale | |
| Have you ever been involved in making up rules for how students should behave at your school? | Developed for GSS | |
| In your school, are students’ views about how to improve the school taken seriously? | Developed for GSS |