Table 2.
Study Sample Characteristics at Baseline
| New Non-Selective IR Users (n = 5297) | New Non-Selective ER Users (n = 5876) | New Selective Users (n = 1726) | Total New Users (n = 12,899) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 65–74 | 942 (17.8%) | 1046 (17.8%) | 309 (17.9%) | 2297 (17.8%) |
| 75–84 | 1959 (37.0%) | 2318 (39.4%) | 651 (37.7%) | 4928 (38.2%) |
| 85 and Older | 2396 (45.2%) | 2512 (42.8%) | 766 (44.4%) | 5674 (44.0%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 3793 (71.6%) | 4624 (78.7%) | 1315 (76.2%) | 9732 (75.4%) |
| Male | 1504 (28.4%) | 1252 (21.3%) | 411 (23.8%) | 3167 (24.6%) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 4669 (88.1%) | 5278 (89.8%) | 1561 (90.4%) | 11,508 (89.2%) |
| Black | 459 (8.7%) | 427 (7.3%) | 115 (6.7%) | 1001 (7.8%) |
| Other | 169 (3.2%) | 171 (2.9%) | 50 (2.9%) | 390 (3.0%) |
| Nursing Home Region | ||||
| Midwest | 1744 (32.9%) | 2695 (45.9%) | 744 (43.1%) | 5183 (40.2%) |
| Northeast | 1500 (28.3%) | 1168 (19.9%) | 285 (16.5%) | 2953 (22.9%) |
| South | 1705 (32.2%) | 1615 (27.5%) | 613 (35.5%) | 3933 (30.5%) |
| West | 348 (6.6%) | 398 (6.8%) | 84 (4.9%) | 830 (6.4%) |
| Body Mass Index | ||||
| Underweight | 573 (10.9%) | 422 (7.2%) | 100 (5.8%) | 1095 (8.5%) |
| Normal | 2304 (43.9%) | 2322 (39.7%) | 674 (39.3%) | 5300 (41.4%) |
| Overweight | 1357 (25.8%) | 1614 (27.6%) | 515 (30.0%) | 3486 (27.2%) |
| Obese | 1018 (19.4%) | 1487 (25.4%) | 428 (24.9%) | 2933 (22.9%) |
| Cognitive Performance Score | ||||
| Intact | 978 (18.5%) | 1355 (23.1%) | 384 (22.3%) | 2717 (21.1%) |
| Borderline intact/Mild impairment | 1661 (31.4%) | 2286 (39.0%) | 698 (40.5%) | 4645 (36.1%) |
| Moderate impairment | 1598 (30.2%) | 1826 (31.1%) | 523 (30.3%) | 3947 (30.7%) |
| Moderate-severe/Severe/Very Severe impairment | 1046 (19.8%) | 402 (6.8%) | 119 (6.9%) | 1567 (12.2%) |
| Mean Behavioral Score (SD) | 0.6 (1.42) | 0.4 (1.15) | 0.4 (1.12) | 0.5 (1.27) |
| CHESS | ||||
| Score of 0 | 1397 (27.5%) | 1761 (30.9%) | 560 (33.6%) | 3718 (29.9%) |
| Score of 1 or 2 | 2984 (58.7%) | 3418 (60.0%) | 943 (56.6%) | 7345 (59.0%) |
| Score of 3 | 552 (10.9%) | 432 (7.6%) | 133 (8.0%) | 1117 (9.0%) |
| Score of 4 or 5 | 152 (3.0%) | 85 (1.5%) | 30 (1.8%) | 267 (2.1%) |
| Mean Activities of Daily Living (SD) | 17 (7.13) | 14.5 (6.59) | 14.0 (16.7) | 15.5 (6.95) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidities | ||||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1291 (24.4%) | 1204 (20.5%) | 352 (20.4%) | 2847 (22.1%) |
| Cardiac Arrhythmia | 1233 (23.3%) | 1223 (20.8%) | 345 (20.0%) | 2801 (21.7%) |
| Peripheral Vascular Disorders | 388 (7.3%) | 434 (7.4%) | 114 (6.6%) | 936 (7.3%) |
| Hypertension, Uncomplicated | 2227 (42.0%) | 2723 (46.3%) | 744 (43.1%) | 5694 (44.1%) |
| Hypertension, Complicated | 563 (10.6%) | 519 (8.8%) | 164 (9.5%) | 1246 (9.7%) |
| Diabetes, Uncomplicated | 1130 (21.3%) | 1215 (20.7%) | 346 (20.0%) | 2691 (20.9%) |
| Diabetes, Complicated | 290 (5.5%) | 323 (5.5%) | 78 (4.5%) | 691 (5.4%) |
| Renal Failure | 669 (12.6%) | 572 (9.7%) | 192 (11.1%) | 1433 (11.1%) |
| AIDS/HIV | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.0%) |
| Weight Loss | 504 (9.5%) | 311 (5.3%) | 87 (5.0%) | 902 (7.0%) |
| Paralysis | 225 (4.2%) | 220 (3.7%) | 49 (2.8%) | 494 (3.8%) |
| Other Neurological Disorders | 733 (13.8%) | 648 (11.0%) | 189 (11.0%) | 1570 (12.2%) |
| Psychoses | 281 (5.3%) | 314 (5.3%) | 86 (5.0%) | 681 (5.3%) |
| Depression | 835 (15.8%) | 968 (16.5%) | 300 (17.4%) | 2103 (16.3%) |
| Blood Loss Anemia | 114 (2.2%) | 123 (2.1%) | 29 (1.7%) | 266 (2.1%) |
| Other Comorbidities | ||||
| Hemiplegia/hemiparesis | 451 (8.5%) | 420 (7.1%) | 111 (6.4%) | 982 (7.6%) |
| Paraplegia | 24 (0.5%) | 25 (0.4%) | 8 (0.5%) | 57 (0.4%) |
| Quadriplegia | 21 (0.4%) | 8 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 30 (0.2%) |
| Aphasia | 243 (4.6%) | 96 (1.6%) | 26 (1.5%) | 365 (2.8%) |
| Cerebral Palsy | 11 (0.2%) | 7 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 19 (0.1%) |
| Multiple Sclerosis | 31 (0.6%) | 32 (0.5%) | 12 (0.7%) | 75 (0.6%) |
| Parkinsons Disease | 399 (7.5%) | 389 (6.6%) | 143 (8.3%) | 931 (7.2%) |
| Manic Depression/Bipolar Disease | 128 (2.4%) | 162 (2.8%) | 39 (2.3%) | 329 (2.6%) |
| Schizophrenia | 121 (2.3%) | 129 (2.2%) | 40 (2.3%) | 290 (2.2%) |
| Bladder Continence | ||||
| Continent | 2172 (41.0%) | 2431 (41.4%) | 706 (40.9%) | 5309 (41.2%) |
| Usually Continent | 515 (9.7%) | 748 (12.7%) | 211 (12.2%) | 1474 (11.4%) |
| Occasionally Incontinent | 521 (9.8%) | 873 (14.9%) | 248 (14.4%) | 1642 (12.7%) |
| Frequently Incontinent | 918 (17.3%) | 1221 (20.8%) | 364 (21.1%) | 2503 (19.4%) |
| Incontinent | 1170 (22.1%) | 603 (10.3%) | 197 (11.4%) | 1970 (15.3%) |
| Bladder Continence Management | ||||
| Scheduled Toileting Plan | 1369 (25.8%) | 1616 (27.5%) | 448 (26.0%) | 3433 (26.6%) |
| Bladder Retaining Program | 58 (1.1%) | 70 (1.2%) | 12 (0.7%) | 140 (1.1%) |
| External Catheter | 11 (0.2%) | 11 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 23 (0.2%) |
| Indwelling Catheter | 1133 (21.4%) | 855 (14.6%) | 221 (12.8%) | 2209 (17.1%) |
| Intermittent Catheter | 57 (1.1%) | 58 (1.0%) | 20 (1.2%) | 135 (1.0%) |
| Pads/Briefs Used | 3376 (63.7%) | 3306 (56.3%) | 1002 (58.1%) | 7684 (59.6%) |
| No Appliance or Program | 1172 (22.1%) | 1755 (29.9%) | 496 (28.7%) | 3423 (26.5%) |
| Bowel Continence | ||||
| Continent | 2544 (48.1%) | 3821 (65.0%) | 1113 (64.5%) | 7478 (58.0%) |
| Usually Continent | 461 (8.7%) | 520 (8.9%) | 185 (10.7%) | 1166 (9.0%) |
| Occasionally Incontinent | 307 (5.8%) | 393 (6.7%) | 100 (5.8%) | 800 (6.2%) |
| Frequently Incontinent | 565 (10.7%) | 494 (8.4%) | 134 (7.8%) | 1193 (9.3%) |
| Incontinent | 1417 (26.8%) | 647 (11.0%) | 194 (11.2%) | 2258 (17.5%) |
| Bowel Elimination Patterns | ||||
| Regular | 4154 (78.4%) | 45,98 (78.3%) | 1342 (77.8%) | 10,094 (78.3%) |
| Constipation | 494 (9.3%) | 557 (9.5%) | 166 (9.6%) | 1217 (9.4%) |
| Diarrhea | 277 (5.2%) | 228 (3.9%) | 70 (4.1%) | 575 (4.5%) |
| Fecal Impaction | 4 (0.1%) | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 9 (0.1%) |
| Urinary Tract Infection in Last 30 Days | 1210 (22.8%) | 1285 (21.9%) | 384 (22.2%) | 2879 (22.3%) |
| Vision | ||||
| Adequate | 3588 (68.2%) | 4196 (71.5%) | 1240 (71.8%) | 9024 (70.2%) |
| Impaired | 935 (17.8%) | 1074 (18.3%) | 314 (18.2%) | 2323 (18.1%) |
| Moderately Impaired | 330 (6.3%) | 347 (5.9%) | 97 (5.6%) | 774 (6.0%) |
| Highly Impaired | 318 (6.0%) | 172 (2.9%) | 51 (3.0%) | 541 (4.2%) |
| Severely Impaired | 93 (1.8%) | 81 (1.4%) | 24 (1.4%) | 198 (1.5%) |
| Balance While Standing | ||||
| Maintained position as required in test | 256 (4.9%) | 403 (6.9%) | 134 (7.8%) | 793 (6.2%) |
| Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 709 (13.5%) | 928 (15.9%) | 290 (16.9%) | 1927 (15.0%) |
| Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 1235 (23.5%) | 1668 (28.5%) | 517 (30.0%) | 3420 (26.7%) |
| Not able to attempt test without physical help | 3052 (58.1%) | 2845 (48.7%) | 780 (45.3%) | 6677 (52.1%) |
| Balance While Sitting | ||||
| Maintained position as required in test | 2846 (53.9%) | 3857 (65.8%) | 1188 (68.9%) | 7891 (61.3%) |
| Unsteady, but able to rebalance self without physical support | 665 (12.6%) | 773 (13.2%) | 212 (12.3%) | 1650 (12.8%) |
| Partial physical support during test or stands but does not follow directions for test | 873 (16.5%) | 767 (13.1%) | 205 (11.9%) | 1845 (14.3%) |
| Not able to attempt test without physical help | 897 (17.0%) | 469 (8.0%) | 120 (7.0%) | 1486 (11.5%) |
| Unsteady Gait | ||||
| Unsteady Gait | 2459 (46.4%) | 3192 (54.3%) | 911 (52.8%) | 6562 (50.9%) |
| Fell in past 30 days | 1580 (29.8%) | 2080 (35.4%) | 559 (32.4%) | 4219 (32.7%) |
| Fell in past 31–180 days | 1320 (24.9%) | 1548 (26.4%) | 471 (27.3%) | 3339 (25.9%) |
| Hip fracture in last 180 days | 304 (5.7%) | 421 (7.2%) | 92 (5.3%) | 817 (6.3%) |
| Other fracture in last 180 days | 346 (6.5%) | 533 (9.1%) | 154 (8.9%) | 1033 (8.0%) |
| Number of meds in the last 7 days | ||||
| 0 medications | 9 (0.2%) | 7 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 17 (0.1%) |
| 1 to 5 medications | 375 (7.1%) | 376 (6.4%) | 104 (6.0%) | 855 (6.6%) |
| 6 to 10 medications | 1740 (32.8%) | 1977 (33.7%) | 580 (33.6%) | 4297 (33.3%) |
| >10 medications | 3.173 (59.9%) | 3515 (59.8%) | 1041 (60.3%) | 7729 (59.9%) |
| Concomitant Medications | ||||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | 1319 (24.9%) | 16,26 (27.7%) | 507 (29.4%) | 3452 (26.8%) |
| Cognitive Enhancers | 1449 (27.4%) | 1576 (26.8%) | 509 (29.5%) | 3534 (27.4%) |
| Antiparkinson | 536 (10.1%) | 585 (10.0%) | 208 (12.1%) | 1329 (10.3%) |
| Diuretics | 2378 (44.9%) | 2722 (46.3%) | 811 (47.0%) | 5911 (45.8%) |
| Antipsychotics | 1510 (28.5%) | 1277 (21.7%) | 363 (21.0%) | 3150 (24.4%) |
| Antivertigo | 1164 (22.0%) | 769 (13.1%) | 210 (12.2%) | 2143 (16.6%) |
| Beta Blockers | 2296 (43.3%) | 2497 (42.5%) | 778 (45.1%) | 5571 (43.2%) |
| Anxiolytic Sedative/Hypnotic Agent | 795 (15.0%) | 892 (15.2%) | 250 (14.5%) | 1937 (15.0%) |
| ACE Inhibitors | 1521 (28.7%) | 1855 (31.6%) | 538 (31.2%) | 3914 (30.3%) |
| Antidepressant | 3019 (57.0%) | 3319 (56.5%) | 1004 (58.2%) | 7342 (56.9%) |
| ARB | 506 (9.6%) | 653 (11.1%) | 244 (14.1%) | 1403 (10.9%) |
| Alpha Blockers | 758 (14.3%) | 822 (14.0%) | 286 (16.6%) | 1866 (14.5%) |
| Anticonvulsant | 1336 (25.2%) | 1263 (21.5%) | 411 (23.8%) | 3010 (23.3%) |
| Vasodilators | 815 (15.4%) | 734 (12.5%) | 234 (13.6%) | 1783 (13.8%) |
| Benzodiazepines | 45 (0.8%) | 49 (0.8%) | 15 (0.9%) | 109 (0.8%) |
| Mean Anticholinergic Burden/ADS Score (SD) | 2.8 (2.45) | 4.2 (2.46) | 2.1 (2.00) | 3.3 (2.53) |