TABLE 4.
Relationships Between Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentrations (µg/g Creatinine) and Neighborhood Characteristics (N = 506)
| Neighborhood Characteristics | n | Unadjusted GMs | P | n | Adjusted GMs | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HMWPs | School | µg/g creatinine | µg/g creatinine | ||||
| Charter | 23 | 269 (186 387) | .009* | 23 | 301 (208 437) | .01* | |
| Private | 33 | 191 (141 259) | 33 | 201 (148 273) | — | ||
| Public | 450 | 311 (286 338) | 447 | 321 (291 355) | — | ||
| Hours outside in play per week | |||||||
| <3 h | 258 | 324 (290 362) | .04* | 255 | 287 (236 349) | .11 | |
| ≥3 h | 248 | 275 (246 308) | 248 | 252 (210 303) | |||
| LMWPs | School | ||||||
| Charter | 23 | 192 (136 272) | .06 | 22 | 184 (126 268) | .10 | |
| Private | 33 | 190 (142 254) | 33 | 190 (139 258) | — | ||
| Public | 450 | 254 (235 275) | 437 | 245 (215 279) | — | ||
| Hours outside in play per week | |||||||
| <3 h | 258 | 231 (208 256) | .09 | 251 | 194 (157 241) | .22 | |
| ≥3 h | 248 | 263 (236 292) | 241 | 215 (178 260) | — | ||
| Season sample collected | |||||||
| Fall and winter: September to February | 250 | 236 (212 262) | .008* | 245 | 189 (156 229) | .04* | |
| Spring: March to June | 185 | 233 (206 263) | 179 | 182 (148 223) | — | ||
| Summer: July to August | 71 | 329 (271 401) | 68 | 249 (190 325) | — |
Adjusted for child age, race, and sex. HMWPs were further adjusted for having been a weekday. LMWPs were adjusted for caregiver education and Spanish language. —, not applicable.
*
P < .05.