Effect of 12 weeks of exercise training combined with PM2.5 exposure on plasma eHSP70, heart iHSP70, and extra-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio (H-index) levels in mice. Plasma eHSP70 (a), heart iHSP70 (b), and extra-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio (H-index) (c) levels. CON = control, maintained sedentary. MIT = moderate intensity training. HIT = high intensity training. PM2.5 = exposed to PM2.5, maintained sedentary. MIT + PM2.5 = moderate intensity training exposed to PM2.5. HIT + PM2.5 = high intensity training exposed to PM2.5. PM2.5 groups received 5 μg of PM2.5 daily (nasotropic) while respective controls received saline. Data analysed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test and expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5-6 per group). eHSP70 levels (a): PM2.5 effect (P = 0.436), exercise effect (P = 0.032), and interaction (P = 0.436). Post hoc analyses: ∗HIT and HIT + PM2.5 versus CON and PM2.5 (P = 0.032). iHSP70 heart levels (b): PM2.5 effect (P = 0.952), exercise effect (P = 0.827), and interaction (P = 0.628). Extra-to-intracellular HSP70 ratio (H-index) levels (c): PM2.5 effect (P = 0.425), exercise effect (P = 0.044), and interaction (P = 0.473). ∗HIT and HIT + PM2.5 versus CON and PM2.5 (P = 0.044).