Table 4.
The association of vitamin D plus omega-3 fatty acids supplementation with pregnancy outcomes
| Placebo group (n = 30) |
Vitamin D 2
(n = 30) |
Omega-33
(n = 30) |
Vitamin D+ omega-34
(n = 30) |
P5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cesarean section (%) | 11 (36.7) | 9 (30.0) | 9 (30.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0.863† |
| Preterm delivery (%) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.388† |
| Pre-eclampsia (%) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (10.0) | 0.960† |
| Polyhydramnios (%) | 2 (6.6) | 2 (6.6) | 2 (6.6) | 2 (6.6) | >0.999† |
| Macrosomia > 4000 g (%) | 5 (16.7) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.525† |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 ± 1.1 | 39.2 ± 1.0 | 39.0 ± 1.4 | 39.3 ± 0.9 | 0.658 |
| Newborns’ weight (g) | 3323.0 ± 407.1 | 3308.3 ± 604.0 | 3475.0 ± 395.2 | 3311.7 ± 502.2 | 0.480 |
| Newborns’ length (cm) | 50.4 ± 1.1 | 50.2 ± 3.0 | 51.3 ± 2.1 | 49.9 ± 2.7 | 0.103 |
| Newborns’ head circumference (cm) | 35.7 ± 1.3 | 35.9 ± 2.9 | 35.5 ± 1.4 | 35.3 ± 2.7 | 0.744 |
| 1- min Apgar score | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 0.779 |
| 5- min Apgar score | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 0.779 |
| Newborns’ hyperbilirubinemia (%) | 12 (40.0) | 6 (20.0) | 10 (33.3) | 3 (10.0) | 0.037† |
| Newborns’ hospitalization (%) | 12 (40.0) | 6 (20.0) | 10 (33.3) | 3 (10.0) | 0.037† |
| Newborns’ hypoglycemia (%) | 6 (20.0) | 4 (13.3) | 5 (16.7) | 4 (13.3) | 0.876† |
Values are means ± SDs for continuous measures and are number (%) for dichotomous variables
†Obtained from Pearson Chi-square test
2Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus placebo for omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
3Receiving 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids (180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) twice a day plus placebo for vitamin D every 2 weeks
4Receiving 50,000 IU vitamin D every 2 weeks plus 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids twice a day
5Obtained from ANOVA test