Table 1.
Characteristics of the individual studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis
| First author year of publication | Location | Age years | Male (%) | Sample Size | Study design | Exposure definition | OR or RR for depression (95%CI) | Adjustments | Assessment of Depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen 2005 [16] | China | ≥60 | 47.1 | 1600 | Cross-sectional | Never | 1.00 | Gender, current family income, watching television, relationships with neighbors, living with whom, self-assessed physical, health status, hypertension, adverse life events occurring in the past 2 years | Geriatric Mental State and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy |
| < 1 servings/week | 1.76 (0.96–3.22) | ||||||||
| ≥1 servings/week | 0.80 (0.30–2.11) | ||||||||
| Sanchez-Villegas 2009 [17] | Spain | 37.2 | 41.6 | 10,094 | Cohort | Quintile 1 | 1.00 | Gender, age, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity during leisure time, energy intake and employment status. | A self-reported physician-made diagnosis of depression |
| Quintile 2 | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) | ||||||||
| Quintile 3 | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | ||||||||
| Quintile 4 | 1.14 (0.84–1.53) | ||||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.35 (1.01–1.80) | ||||||||
| Tsai 2011 [18] | Taiwan | ≥65 | 57.6 | 1609 | Cohort | < 3 servings/week | 1.00 | Age, gender, years of formal education, satisfaction with economic status, living setting, smoking status, alcohol drinking, betel-nut chewing, functional status, physical activity, cognitive status (SPMSQ score) and the presence of major chronic co-morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease, gout, joint pain/arthritis, gallbladder/liver disease, hip fracture and lower-back pain) | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Rating Scale (Score ≥ 10) |
| ≥ 3 servings/week | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) | ||||||||
| Park 2012 [19] | Korea | 44.85 ± 1.77 | 33.3 | 166 | Case-control | ≤0.93 servings/week | 1.00 | Drinking, marital status, sleeping hours, education, job and energy except for energy intake | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Scores ≥25) |
| 43.47 ± 1.43 | |||||||||
| 0.93–2.44 servings/week | 1.18 (0.43–3.20) | ||||||||
| 2.44–3.61 servings/week | 1.17 (0.38–3.66) | ||||||||
| >3.61 servings/week | 4.39 (1.25–15.38) | ||||||||
| Miyake 2013 [21] | Japan | 31.2 ± 4.3 | 0 | 1745 | Cross-sectional | Quintile 1 | 1.00 | Age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education and body mass index. | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Scores ≥16) |
| Quintile 2 | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | ||||||||
| Quintile 3 | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) | ||||||||
| Quintile 4 | 0.90 (0.64–1.28) | ||||||||
| Rienks 2013 [20] | Australia | 50–55 | 0 | 8369 | Cohort | Never, ever | OR | Energy, smoking, physical activity, ability to manage on available income, occupation status, education level, marital status, mean stress score and body mass index. | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Scores ≥10) |
| 1.00 | |||||||||
| 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | |||||||||
| Never, ever | RR | ||||||||
| 1.00 | |||||||||
| 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | |||||||||
| Zhou 2014 [22] | China | ≥65 | 46.4 | 11,473 | Cross-sectional | Rarely | 1.00 | Not mentioned | Patient Health Questionnaire-9; (Scores ≥10) |
| < 250 g/week | 0.61 (0.47–0.78) | ||||||||
| 250–500 g/week | 0.41 (0.32–0.52) | ||||||||
| ≥ 500 g/week | 0.61 (0.47–0.78) | ||||||||
| Kim 2015 [23] | Korea | 12–18 | 0 | 849 | Case-control | ≤2.6 servings/week | 1.00 | Energy intake | Beck Depression Inventory (Scores ≥16) |
| 2.6–6.8 servings/week | 0.82 (0.50–1.34) | ||||||||
| >6.8 servings/week | 0.70 (0.41–1.21) |