Fig. 2.

Glutamine regulates reactive oxidative stress. Glutamine contributes to the generation of GSH, a tripeptide of glutamate, glycine, and cysteine. Glutamate reacts with cysteine to produce GSH via GLCL/GCLC. Glycine is added during the second step of de novo GSH synthesis via GSS. GSH directly eliminates ROS through the action of GPX. NADPH is required for the regeneration of the reduced form of GSH by GSR. GSH: reduced glutathione, GLCL: glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, GCLM: glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GSS: glutathione synthetase, GPX: glutathione peroxidase, GSR: glutathione reductase, GSSG: oxidized glutathione.