Table 3. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence interval for NCDs among women, by educational level and survey year from 2007 to 2015.
| 2007–2009 | 2010–2012 | 2013- 2015 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | Model 1† | Model 2‡ | |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Elementary school | 4.90 (2.94 to 8.19) |
4.41 (2.69 to 7.23) |
3.75 (2.29 to 6.13) |
3.35 (2.07 to 5.42) |
1.99 (1.39 to 2.86) |
1.80 (1.26 to 2.58) |
| Middle school | 3.88 (2.37 to 6.33) |
3.56 (2.19 to 5.77) |
3.48 (2.19 to 5.54) |
3.19 (2.02 to 5.05) |
2.11 (1.48 to 3.01) |
1.93 (1.35 to 2.76) |
| High school | 2.75 (1.76 to 4.29) |
2.62 (1.68 to 4.07) |
2.73 (1.79 to 4.16) |
2.56 (1.68 to 3.89) |
1.58 (1.16 to 2.14) |
1.51 (1.10 to 2.05) |
| University level or above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Arthritis | ||||||
| Elementary school | 3.45 (2.38 to 4.99) |
3.20 (2.24 to 4.57) |
3.68 (2.59 to 5.24) |
3.33 (2.35 to 4.70) |
2.74 (2.05 to 3.66) |
2.57 (1.93 to 3.41) |
| Middle school | 3.64 (3.54 to 5.22) |
3.39 (2.38 to 4.83) |
4.11 (2.95 to 5.74) |
3.74 (2.69 to 5.19) |
2.60 (1.96 to 3.46) |
2.41 (1.81 to 3.21) |
| High school | 1.83 (1.31 to 2.54) |
1.77 (1.27 to 2.46) |
2.24 (1.65 to 3.05) |
2.09 (1.54 to 2.85) |
1.74 (1.33 to 2.26) |
1.69 (1.30 to 2.20) |
| University level or above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | ||||||
| Elementary school | 2.28 (1.26 to 4.14) |
2.08 (1.15 to 3.74) |
2.16 (1.26 to 3.69) |
2.10 (1.22 to 3.62) |
2.15 (1.47 to 3.16) |
2.06 (1.39 to 3.04) |
| Middle school | 1.46 (0.76 to 2.79) |
1.36 (0.72 to 2.58) |
1.55 (0.92 to 2.60) |
1.51 (0.89 to 2.58) |
1.34 (0.79 to 2.27) |
1.30 (0.77 to 2.18) |
| High school | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.20) |
0.70 (0.44 to 1.12) |
1.13 (0.72 to 1.76) |
1.10 (0.70 to 1.73) |
0.87 (0.58 to 1.31) |
0.85 (0.57 to 1.27) |
| University level or above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| p for trend | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||
| Elementary school | 1.95 (1.55 to 2.45) |
1.89 (1.50 to 2.37) |
1.81 (1.44 to 2.27) |
1.67 (1.34 to 2.08) |
2.95 (2.19 to 3.98) |
2.75 (2.04 to 3.70) |
| Middle school | 1.63 (1.34 to 1.98) |
1.61 (1.32 to 1.97) |
1.63 (1.31 to 2.01) |
1.51 (1.23 to 1.86) |
1.89 (1.39 to 2.56) |
1.82 (1.34 to 2.47) |
| High school | 1.24 (1.04 to 1.48) |
1.20 (1.01 to 1.42) |
1.24 (1.06 to 1.46) |
1.17 (0.99 to 1.38) |
1.49 (1.20 to 1.87) |
1.42 (1.14 to 1.77) |
| University level or above | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
†Model 1: Adjusted for age.
‡Model 2: Adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity and obesity.