Table 3.
Dietary energy-density (kJ/g) for subpopulations of young adults using dietary data from the first interview of the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey-2011/2012.
| Males | Females | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and SES | n | Mean DED kJ/g | n | Mean DED kJ/g | n | Mean DED kJ/g |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–24 | 373 | 7.71 | 407 | 7.16a | 780 | 7.38a |
| 25–29 | 342 | 7.50 | 394 | 6.95a | 736 | 7.17b |
| 30–34 | 405 | 7.53 | 476 | 6.83b | 881 | 7.13b |
| p-Value | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.046 | |||
| Country of birth | ||||||
| Australia or English Country | 905 | 7.68 | 1070 | 7.17 | 1975 | 7.36 |
| Other | 215 | 7.30 | 207 | 6.23 | 422 | 6.77 |
| p-Value | 0.02# | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Income | ||||||
| Quintile 1-Lowest 20% | 130 | 7.76abc | 159 | 7.22ab | 289 | 7.39a |
| Quintile 2 | 177 | 8.12a | 160 | 6.97ab | 337 | 7.42a |
| Quintile 3 | 187 | 7.40bc | 172 | 6.91ab | 359 | 7.08ab |
| Quintile 4 | 167 | 7.56bc | 125 | 7.07a | 292 | 7.25a |
| Quintile 5-Highest 20% | 197 | 7.40bc | 211 | 6.69b | 408 | 6.98b |
| p-Value | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.06 | |||
| SEIFA | ||||||
| Quintile 1-Lowest 20% | 130 | 7.84a | 159 | 7.40a | 289 | 7.26a |
| Quintile 2 | 177 | 7.60ab | 160 | 7.09ab | 337 | 7.30ac |
| Quintile 3 | 187 | 7.70ab | 172 | 6.92b | 359 | 7.22bc |
| Quintile 4 | 167 | 7.41b | 125 | 6.68b | 292 | 7.00b |
| Quintile 5-Highest 20% | 197 | 7.42b | 211 | 6.88b | 408 | 7.09bc |
| p-Value | 0.18 | 0.005 | 0.005 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| University | 333 | 7.33a | 364 | 6.56a | 697 | 6.85a |
| Student (level not specified) | 120 | 7.69ab | 87 | 6.86ab | 207 | 7.21b |
| Vocational | 217 | 7.59a | 207 | 7.59c | 424 | 7.51c |
| None | 188 | 7.93b | 169 | 7.15b | 357 | 7.53c |
| p-Value | 0.004 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
SES, Socio-economic status. DED, Dietary energy-density (kJ/g). SEIFA, Socio-economic indexes for area developed by the ABS that ranks Australia based on socio-economic disadvantage. English Speaking countries include Canada, Ireland, NZ, South Africa, UK, and USA. Significant differences were determined with a generalized-linear-model (GLM). Means are adjusted for low-energy reporters (energy intake: basal metabolic rate ratio of <0.87). Survey-specific weighting factors were applied. Different letters in columns for each variable indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). # Not significant when adjusting for education, age, and income (p = 0.09). Values in bold indicate significant trends.