Table 1.

Previous encapsulation studies on antifouling (AF) agents.

Publish Year	Carrier	AF Agent	Encapsulation Technique	Reference
1992	Metallic (Cu) microtubules	Renilla extract	Introduction of dry microcylinder powder in saturated solution of the AF agent	[19]
2001	Silica, zeolites	Isothiazolinones (e.g., OIT)	Adsorption of the biocides on the surface of the siliceous frameworks	[20]
2002	Silicates	α-chymotryspin	Two-step polymerization process	[21]
2004	Polystyrene	Zosteric acid	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[15]
2005	Polystyrene-divinyl benzene beads	Triclosan, phosphonium salts	Dispersion polymerization	[22]
2007	Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate)	4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT)	Two-stage miniemulsion polymerization	[13]
2008	Poly(lactic acid)	Chlorhexidine	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[23]
2010	Polyethylenimine-Silica	Hexose oxidase	Co-precipitation	[24]
2010	Poly(methyl methacrylate)	Medetomidine	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[6]
2010	Poly(methyl methacrylate)	4-nitroanisole	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[14]
2010	Silica	3-iodoprop-2-ynyl N-butylcarbamate (IPBC)	Emulsification and cross-linking	[25]
2011	Various polymer layers	DCOIT	Emulsification and cross-linking of the shell	[26]
2011	Poly(methyl methacrylate)	IPBC	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[7]
2011	Natural polymer (N/A)	Ag compound	Emulsion polymerization	[27]
2011	Silica gel	Zinc pyrithione	Sol-gel technology—Production of aerogels	[28]
2013	Chitosan	Paeonol	Emulsification and ionic gelation	[29]
2013	Polyethyleneimine	Sodium benzoate	Interfacial polyaddition	[30]
2014	Poly(methyl methacrylate)	OIT	Internal phase separation	[8]
2014	Polysaccharide complex of chitosan and xanthan gum	DCOIT	Simultaneous emulsification and cross-linking via ultrasonication	[31]
2014	Polystyrene	IPBC	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[16]
2014	Polystyrene–polycaprolactone blends	IPBC	Emulsification–solvent evaporation	[17]
2014	Gelatin-urea-formaldehyde	Ag nanoparticles	Dispersion polymerization	[32]
2015	Silica	2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), DCOIT	Emulsification and silica precursor (TEOS) polycondensation	[33]
2015	Carbon	Ag ions	Hydrothermal treatment	[34]
2015	Layered double hydroxides	Cinnamate anions	Acid-salt treatment and ion exchange	[35]
2015	Silica	Bienzyme system	Biomimetic silicification	[36]
2017	Silica	Copper and zinc pyrithione	Emulsification and TEOS polycondensation	[37]
2017	Polyimide	Cu nanoparticles	Solution precursor flame spray	[38]
2017	Halloysite nanotubes	TCPM	Physical entrapment with pressure cycles	[39]