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Schematic illustration of the procedures used for the synthesis of LESNPs, bio-conjugation of LESNPs, and the cTnI immunoassay using LESNPs. (A) procedure for the synthesis of the DTBTA-Eu3+/APTES complex (DEAC) precursor; (B) schematic illustration of the LESNP synthetic process; (C) illustration of the procedures for the surface modification of LESNP and antibody conjugation to LESNP; (D) cTnI sandwich immunoassay procedure using the LESNP probe.
