Table 1.
Active Constituent | Commercial Product | Application Rate in Water | Application Timing * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Formulation | |||
Kaolin | Surround WP (Tessenderlo Kerley Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, USA) | WP (wettable powder), 95% kaolin | 2% w/v | A, B, C |
Orange oil | Prev-Am Plus (Nufarm Italia, Milano, Italy) | SL (soluble liquid), 5.88% orange oil | 0.5% v/v | C, D |
Insecticidal soap | Flipper (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy) | SL (soluble liquid), 47.8% potassium salts of fatty acids | >2% v/v | C, D |
Spinosad | Laser (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy) | SC (suspension concentrate), 44.2% pure spinosad | 0.02% v/v | C, D |
Pyrethrins | Biopiren Plus (Copyr, Milano, Italy) | EC (emulsifiable concentrate), 2% pure pyrethrins | 0.16% v/v | C, D |
(*) A, B, C, D refer to the appearance of first-instar, second-instar, third-instar and fourth-instar nymphs of S. titanus, respectively.