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. 2017 Dec 16;8(4):129. doi: 10.3390/insects8040129

Table 1.

Natural products tested in the vineyards against Scaphoideus titanus.

Active Constituent Commercial Product Application Rate in Water Application Timing *
Name Formulation
Kaolin Surround WP (Tessenderlo Kerley Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, USA) WP (wettable powder), 95% kaolin 2% w/v A, B, C
Orange oil Prev-Am Plus (Nufarm Italia, Milano, Italy) SL (soluble liquid), 5.88% orange oil 0.5% v/v C, D
Insecticidal soap Flipper (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy) SL (soluble liquid), 47.8% potassium salts of fatty acids >2% v/v C, D
Spinosad Laser (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy) SC (suspension concentrate), 44.2% pure spinosad 0.02% v/v C, D
Pyrethrins Biopiren Plus (Copyr, Milano, Italy) EC (emulsifiable concentrate), 2% pure pyrethrins 0.16% v/v C, D

(*) A, B, C, D refer to the appearance of first-instar, second-instar, third-instar and fourth-instar nymphs of S. titanus, respectively.