. 2017 Dec 16;8(4):129. doi: 10.3390/insects8040129

Table 1.

Natural products tested in the vineyards against Scaphoideus titanus.

Active Constituent	Commercial Product		Application Rate in Water	Application Timing *
Active Constituent	Name	Formulation	Application Rate in Water	Application Timing *
Kaolin	Surround WP (Tessenderlo Kerley Inc., Phoenix, Arizona, USA)	WP (wettable powder), 95% kaolin	2% w/v	A, B, C
Orange oil	Prev-Am Plus (Nufarm Italia, Milano, Italy)	SL (soluble liquid), 5.88% orange oil	0.5% v/v	C, D
Insecticidal soap	Flipper (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy)	SL (soluble liquid), 47.8% potassium salts of fatty acids	>2% v/v	C, D
Spinosad	Laser (Dow Agrosciences Italia, Milano, Italy)	SC (suspension concentrate), 44.2% pure spinosad	0.02% v/v	C, D
Pyrethrins	Biopiren Plus (Copyr, Milano, Italy)	EC (emulsifiable concentrate), 2% pure pyrethrins	0.16% v/v	C, D

(*) A, B, C, D refer to the appearance of first-instar, second-instar, third-instar and fourth-instar nymphs of S. titanus, respectively.