Table 1.
Steps of ISPOR guidelines for translation
| Steps | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Preparation | Obtain permission to use instrument and involvement of original author |
| 2 | Forward Translation | Development of at least two independent forward translations |
| 3 | Reconciliation | Reconciliation of the forward translations into a single forward translation |
| 4 | Back Translation | Back translation of the reconciled translation into the source language |
| 5 | Back Translation Review | Review of the back translations against the source language |
| 6 | Harmonization | Harmonization of all new translations with each other and the source version |
| 7 | Cognitive Debriefing | Cognitive debriefing of the new translation, with 5–8 healthcare professionals |
| 8 | Review of Cognitive Debriefing Results and Finalization | Cognitive debriefing results are reviewed and the translation finalize |
| 9 | Proofreading | The finalized translation is proofread |
| 10 | Final Report | Report is written on the development of the translation |