Table 1.

Most common causes and associations of NCFB in pediatric age

CFTR mutations	Cystic fibrosis classic and atypical
Dysregulated immune function	Primary immune-deficiency
	X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
	Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
	Hyper–immunoglobulin E syndrome or STAT3a deficiency
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)	PCD
	Kartagener Syndrome
Post-Infectious disease	Bacterial Pneumonia
	Recurrent respiratory tract infections
	Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB)
Structural congenital malformations	Congenital tracheo-broncomegaly:  Mounier-Kuhn syndrome  William-Campbell syndrome
	Congenital lobar emphysema
	Bronchomalacia
Bronchial obstruction	Inhaled foreign body
	Tumor
	Mycobacterium
Associated conditions	Recurrent aspiration secondary to neuromuscular diseases
	Tracheo-esophageal fistula or gastro-esophageal reflux
Others	Autoimmune diseases  Inflammatory bowel disease  Rheumatoid arthritis  Coeliac disease
	Clinical syndromes  Marfan syndrome  Usher syndrome  Yellow nail lymphedema syndrome  Young’s syndrome

^asignal transducer and activator of transcription 3