Table 2.

Estimated effect (adjusted hazards ratio^* and 95% confidence interval) of each predictor on treatment failure: Results of Cox proportional hazards models.

Characteristic	Minimally invasive pyeloplasty vs. endopyelotomy	Minimally invasive pyeloplasty vs. open pyeloplasty	Endopyelotomy vs. open pyeloplasty
Treatment type
Minimally invasive pyeloplasty	0.52 (0.39–0.69)	0.98 (0.68–1.42)	--
Open pyeloplasty	--	1	1
Endopyelotomy	1	--	1.78 (1.33–2.37)
Age	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.99 (0.99–1.01)
Gender
Female	1	1	1
Male	1.13 (0.89–1.44)	1.23 (0.87–1.74)	0.99 (0.78–1.26)
Comorbidity
0	1	1	1
1 or more	1.30 (0.97–1.80)	1.35 (0.85–2.15)	1.37 (1.01–1.86)
Benefit plan type
HMO	1	1	1
PPO	1.05 (0.74–1.50)	1.20 (0.69–2.09)	1.17 (0.81–1.70)
Other**	1.15 (0.76–1.74)	1.13 (0.59–2.16)	1.17 (0.76–1.79)
Employment classification
Non-salaried	1	1	1
Salaried	0.97 (0.67–1.40)	1.21 (0.72–2.05)	0.85 (0.58–1.26)
Unknown	0.92 (0.67–1.27)	1.40 (0.85–2.32)	0.94 (0.68–1.30)
Employment status
Non-full time	1	1	1
Full time	0.81 (0.60–1.09)	1.14 (0.74–1.75)	0.92 (0.68–1.23)
Region of residence
Northeast	1	1	1
North Central	1.26 (0.77–2.06)	1.24 (0.66–2.34)	0.83 (0.52–1.32)
South	1.73 (1.11–2.70)	1.38 (0.75–2.54)	1.15 (0.77–1.71)
West	1.70 (1.02–2.81)	1.58 (0.79–3.15)	1.04 (0.65–1.67)
Unknown	2.07 (0.71–6.04)	0 (0–>100)	1.33 (0.46–3.79)
Patient MSA	1.22 (0.87–1.70)	1.25 (0.75–2.09)	1.36 (0.96–1.92)
Provider MSA	0.80 (0.53–1.20)	1.23 (0.59–2.56)	0.92 (0.60–1.40)
Treatment year	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	0.90 (0.83–0.97)	0.97 (0.92–1.03)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HMO, health maintenance organization; MSA, metropolitan statistical area; PPO, preferred provider organization

^*The effect of each predictor was adjusted for all other predictors in the model

^**Other includes comprehensive, exclusive provider organization, point of service, point of service with capitation, consumer directed health plan, and missing