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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Jul 27;85:21–33. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.009

Table 1.

General overview of dual neurotransmitter systems.

Neuropeptide Co-transmitter Neuroanatomical
location
References
AGRP GABA hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Dicken et al., 2015); (Wu and Palmiter, 2011); (Wu et al., 2009); (Krashes et al., 2013)
CART GABA hypothalamus (Elias et al., 2001)
lateral septum (Janzso et al., 2010)
CCK GABA hippocampus (Lubkemann et al., 2015); (Whissell et al., 2015)
olfactory bulb (Gutierrez-Mecinas et al., 2005)
cortex (Whissell et al., 2015)
amygdala (Sosulina et al., 2010)
Glutamate + GABA cortex (Somogyi et al., 2004)
hippocampus (Somogyi et al., 2004)
CRF GABA cortex (Kubota et al., 2011); (Kono et al., 2017)
hippocampus (Hooper and Maguire, 2016); (Kono et al., 2017)
hypothalamus (Romanov et al., 2017)
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Kono et al., 2017); (Partridge et al., 2016)
amygdala (Kono et al., 2017); (Partridge et al., 2016)
Glutamate hypothalamus (Romanov et al., 2017)
piriform cortex (Kono et al., 2017)
inferior olivary nucleus (Kono et al., 2017)
Galanin GABA spinal cord (Tiong et al., 2011)
TMN (Kukko-Lukjanov and Panula, 2003); (Melander et al., 1986)
vlPOA (Sherin et al., 1998)
hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Melander et al., 1986)
MCH GABA medial preoptic area (Rondini et al., 2010)
lateral hypothalamus (Harthoorn et al., 2005)
Glutamate lateral hypothalamus (Chee et al., 2015); (Harthoorn et al., 2005); (Abrahamson et al., 2001)
Neurotensin GABA amygdala, BNST (Day et al., 1999)
NPS Glutamate peri-coerulear area (Xu et al., 2007)
NPY GABA striatum (Faust et al., 2016)
amygdala (Wood et al., 2016)
hypothalamic arcuate (Sun et al., 2016); (Dicken et al., 2015)
cortex (Perrenoud et al., 2013); (Kubota et al., 2011)
intergeniculate leaflet (Takatsuji and Tohyama, 1989)
hippocampus (Fu and van den Pol, 2007); (Lubkemann et al., 2015)
spinal cord (Polgar et al., 2011); (Polgar et al., 1999)
POMC GABA hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Hentges et al., 2004); (Wittmann et al., 2013); (Jarvie and Hentges, 2012); (Jarvie and Hentges, 2012); (Dicken et al., 2012)
Glutamate hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Wittmann et al., 2013); (Jarvie and Hentges, 2012); (Dicken et al., 2012)
SOM GABA amygdala (McDonald and Zaric, 2015)
cortex (Fuchs et al., 2016); (Urban-Ciecko and Barth, 2016)
hippocampus (Fuchs et al., 2016); (Lubkemann et al., 2015)
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (Lewin et al., 2016)
spinal cord (Dougherty et al., 2009)
olfactory bulb (Gutierrez-Mecinas et al., 2005)
Substance P GABA intergeniculate leaflet (Takatsuji and Tohyama, 1989)
striatum (Bolam et al., 1983); (Tan and Bullock, 2008)
cortex (Jakab et al., 1997); (Foley et al., 1992)
VIP GABA cortex (Jackson et al., 2016); (Pronneke et al., 2015); (Xu et al., 2010)
SCN (Fan et al., 2015)
hippocampus (Jinno and Kosaka, 2003); (Hajos et al., 1996)
posterior piriform cortex (Young and Sun, 2009)
spinal cord (Dougherty et al., 2009)
olfactory bulb (Gracia-Llanes et al., 2003)