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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Immunol. 2017 Aug 31;39(1):70–79. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.003

Figure 2. Strategies to boost broadly neutralizing stalk antibodies.

Figure 2

The first strategy focuses on headless HAs, with the removal of the entire head domain to make the stalk domain more “available” and thus induce antibody responses against the stalk domain.

The second strategy uses chimeric HAs consisting of the stalk domain from H1, H3 or influenza B viruses (here H1N1 as an example) in combination with head domains of exotic influenza virus strains (avian strains for the majority). Sequential exposure with such chimeric HAs elicits boosted responses against the conserved stalk domain.

Structures are based on PDB ID 4M4Y and visualized using PyMOL.