Table 1.

Principal effects of essential oils and/or their components on fungi. References are indicated in parenthesis.

Activity	Oils and/or Components	Activity	Oils and/or Components
Antifungal	Calamintha nepeta [6] Cananga odorata [18] Cicuta virosa [23] Citrus [24,25] Commiphora myrrha [18] Coriandrum sativum [18,24] Curcuma longa [16] Cymbopogon nardus [26] Eucalyptus [24,27] Hedychium spicatum [18] Hyssopus officinalis [13] Illicium verum [24] Lavandula angustifolia [13,24] Matricaria ricutita [24] Melaleuca alternifolia [24]	Antifungal	Melissa officinalis [13] Myristica fragrans [28] Myrthaceae [29] Ocimum basilicum [13,24] Origanum [13,18,24,28] Pelargonium graveolens [24,28] Piper nigrum [28] Salvia officinalis [13] Syzygium aromaticum [28] Thymus vulgaris [13,24,28] Saturjeia hortensis [24] Viola odorata [24] carvacrol [30]
Effect on membrane/wall	Cinnamomum [31,32,33] Citrus [33,34,35] Coriaria nepalensis [36] Coriandrum sativum [37] Juniperus communis [35] Litsea cubeba [35] Melaleuca alternifolia [33,38] Mentha piperita [33] Ocimum basilicum [33] Origanum [33,35] Salvia sclarea [35] Syzygium_aromaticum [39] Thymus [33,40] anethole [41] benzyl benzoate [42]	Effect on membrane/wall	1,8-cineole [40] carvacrol [40,43,44] cinnamaldehyde [39,45,46,47] p-cymene [40] citral [42] citronellal [42] eugenol [39,42] limonene [35] linalool [35,42] linalyl acetate [42] α-pinene [35] α-terpinene [35,38] terpinene-4-ol [35] thymol [40,43]
Effect on cell growth and morphology	Eucalyptus [27] Thymus spp. [40] carvacrol [40,43] α-pinene [35,38] 1,8-cineole [40] p-cymene [40] citronellal [48] α-terpinene [35,38] γ-terpinene [35,38] terpinene-4-ol [35,38] thymol [40,43]	Inhibition of efflux pump	Cinnamomum [31,32,33,39,45,46,49] Citrus [33] Eucalyptus [33] Melaleuca alternifolia [33] Mentha [33] Ocimum basilicum [33] Origanum vulgare [33] Thymus vulgaris [33] carvacrol [50] cinnamaldehyde [31,32,39,45,46,49] thymol [50]
Action on fungal mitochondria	Anethum graveolens [51] Artemisia herba alba [52] Cananga odorata [18] Cinnamomum camphora [52] Coriandrum sativum [18] Commiphora myrrha [18] Hedychium spicatum [18] Origanum compactum [52] Origanum majorana [18] lupeol [53] tetraterpenoid [53]	ROS production anti nitric oxide	Zatharia multiflora [54] carvacrol [54] p-cymene [54] farnesol [55] thymol [54,56]
Synergistic/antagonistic	Citrus [25,57] Coriandrum sativum [57] Cymbopogon nardus [26] Eucalyptus [27,57] Illicium verum [57] Lavandula angustifolia [57] Matricaria recutita [57] Melaleuca alternifolia [57] Myrthus [29] Ocimum basilicum [57] Origanum heracleoticum [57] Pelargonium graveolens [57] Rosa damascena [57]	Synergistic/antagonistic	Satureja hortensis [57] Thymus vulgaris [40,57] Viola odorata [57] benzyl benzoate [42] carvacrol [30,40,43,44,58] 1,8-cineole [40] citral [42] citronellal [42] eugenol [42] linalool [42] linalyl acetate [42] thymol [40,42,43]
Inhibition of biofilm development	Coriandrum sativum [59] Croton cajucara [60,61] Cymbopogon [62,63,64,65] Cytrus [66] Eucalyptus [62] Laurus nobilis [67] Litsea [35] Melaleuca alternifolia [38,68,69] Mentha [62,70] Myrtus communis [71] Ocimum [72,73] Piper claussenianum [74] Rosmarinus officinalis [75]	Inhibition of biofilm development	Syzygium aromaticum [62,64] ρ-cymene [38] p-cymene [69] 1-8-cineole [38,69] linalool [60,76] terpinen-4-ol [38,69] terpinolene [38,69] α-terpineol [38,69] eucarobustol E [76,77] eugenol [78] α-terpinene [38,69] γ-terpinene [38,69]
Anti quorum sensing	Citrus [35,79] Juniperus communis [35] Mentha piperita [80] Origanum [35] Salvia sclarea [35] limonene [35] linalool [35] α-pinene [35] terpinene-4-ol [35]	Effect on micotoxins synthesis/production	Cinnamomum [81,82] Origanum vulgare [81] Cymbopogon [81,82] Cider [82] Citrus [82] Eucalyptus [82] Mentha [82] Ocimum sanctum [83] Rosmarinus officinalis [82] Satureja hortensis [84] Thymus [82] Zataria multiflora [84] 2,3-dideoxyglucosides [85] eugenol [86,87]