Table 3.
Level of intake of hydrosoluble vitamins during pregnancy among healthy Spanish women (n = 1036).
| Cases (n = 518) | Controls (n = 518) | SGA a | ||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | cOR b | 95% CI | aOR c | 95% CI | |
|
Vitamin C (mg/day) (ascorbic acid) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤151.84) | 121 | (24.4) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (151.85–201.05) | 98 | (18.9) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.79 | 0.54–1.17 | 0.81 | 0.53–1.26 |
| Q3 (201.06–253.52) | 110 | (21.2) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.92 | 0.63–1.38 | 0.84 | 0.55–1.29 |
| Q4 (253.53–322.23) | 96 | (18.5) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.78 | 0.52–1.15 | 0.89 | 0.57–1.40 |
| Q5 (>322.23) | 93 | (18.0) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.76 | 0.51–1.13 | 0.83 | 0.53–1.31 |
|
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) (mg/day) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤1.746) | 138 | (26.6) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (1.747–1.970) | 94 | (18.2) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.68 * | 0.47–0.99 | 0.66 | 0.43–1.02 |
| Q3 (1.971–2.226) | 106 | (20.5) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.78 | 0.53–1.13 | 0.69 | 0.45–1.05 |
| Q4 (2.227–2.589) | 90 | (17.4) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.64 * | 0.44–0.95 | 0.70 | 0.45–1.08 |
| Q5 (>2.589) | 90 | (17.4) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.64 * | 0.43–0.95 | 0.64 | 0.41–1.01 |
|
Vitamin B2 (riboflavine) (mg/day) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤1.895) | 120 | (22.2) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (1.896–2.161) | 101 | (19.5) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.84 | 0.57–1.23 | 0.76 | 0.49–1.16 |
| Q3 (2.161–2.447) | 101 | (19.5) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.85 | 0.59–1.24 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.23 |
| Q4 (2.448–2.746) | 95 | (18.3) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.79 | 0.54–1.16 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.24 |
| Q5 (>2.746) | 101 | (19.5) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.85 | 0.58–1.24 | 0.85 | 0.57–1.36 |
|
Vitamin B3 (niacin) (mg/day) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤34.790) | 137 | (26.5) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (34.791–39.035) | 127 | (24.5) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.96 | 0.67–1.37 | 0.88 | 0.58–1.32 |
| Q3 (39.036–42.430) | 74 | (14.3) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.53 * | 0.35–0.79 | 0.46 * | 0.29–0.73 |
| Q4 (42.431–47.830) | 100 | (19.3) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.73 | 0.49–1.07 | 0.74 | 0.48–1.16 |
| Q5 (>47.830) | 80 | (15.4) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.58 * | 0.39–0.86 | 0.59 * | 0.37–0.86 |
|
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) (mg/day) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤1.949) | 134 | (25.9) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (1.950–2.257) | 116 | (23.4) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.85 | 0.58–1.23 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.22 |
| Q3 (2.258–2.508) | 80 | (15.4) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.62 * | 0.42–0.91 | 0.62 * | 0.40–0.96 |
| Q4 (2.509–2.858) | 105 | (20.3) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.76 | 0.52–1.12 | 0.70 | 0.45–1.08 |
| Q5 (>2.858) | 83 | (16) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.62 * | 0.42–0.93 | 0.69 | 0.43–1.08 |
|
Vitamin B9 (folic) (µg/day) |
||||||||
| Q1 (≤297.45) | 138 | (26.6) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (297.46–348.78) | 97 | (18.7) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.68 * | 0.46–0.99 | 0.71 | 0.46–1.09 |
| Q3 (348.79–412.94) | 86 | (16.6) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.61 * | 0.41–0.90 | 0.64 | 0.41–1.00 |
| Q4 (412.95–491.91) | 77 | (14.9) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.54 * | 0.36–0.81 | 0.58 * | 0.37–0.91 |
| Q5 (>491.91) | 120 | (23.2) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.87 | 0.59–1.27 | 0.88 | 0.57–1.35 |
| Continued | ||||||||
| Cases (n 518) | Controls (n 518) | SGA | ||||||
|
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) (µg/day) |
n | (%) | n | (%) | cOR | 95% CI | aOR * | 95% CI |
| Q1 (≤6.633) | 133 | (25.7) | 104 | (20.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q2 (6.634–8.067) | 109 | (21) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.81 | 0.56–1.18 | 0.91 | 0.59–1.39 |
| Q3 (8.068–10.314) | 102 | (19.7) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.79 | 0.54–1.15 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.24 |
| Q4 (10.315–13.562) | 83 | (16) | 104 | (20.1) | 0.61 * | 0.41–0.91 | 0.61 * | 0.39–0.95 |
| Q5 (>13.562) | 91 | (17.6) | 103 | (19.9) | 0.70 | 0.48–1.03 | 0.68 | 0.43–1.04 |
a SGA: Small for Gestational Age; b cOR: Crude odds ratio and confidence intervals (95% CI) c aOR: Adjusted odds ratio by energy intake, preeclampsia, education level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking, weight gain per week during pregnancy, and previous preterm/LBW newborn; * Significant association.