Table 3.
Pre-Dose Baseline | 40 min Post-Dose (Change) | 60 min Post-Dose (Change) | ANOVA Sig. Effects | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day | Rep 1 | Rep 2 | Rep 3 | Rep 4 | Rep 1 | Rep 2 | Rep 3 | Rep 4 | Rep 1 | Rep 2 | Rep 3 | Rep 4 | |||||||||||||||
RVIP % correct | Day 1 | Plac | 63.33 | 3.34 | 60.1 | 3.34 | 57.92 | 3.41 | 55.5 | 3.65 | −4.31 | 1.92 | −3.82 | 1.81 | −3.33 | 1.77 | −2.50 | 2.38 | −4.44 | 1.95 | −5.76 | 1.96 | −5.63 | 2.12 | 0.35 | 2.08 | Treatment p < 0.001 |
Nut+ | 60.18 | 3.13 | 58.7 | 3.13 | 56.10 | 3.20 | 52.8 | 3.42 | 3.35 | 1.80 | 5.30 | 1.70 | 6.28 | 1.66 | 7.44 | 2.23 | 4.27 | 1.82 | −0.55 | 1.84 | 0.73 | 1.98 | 3.90 | 1.95 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 59.17 | 3.28 | 54.4 | 3.38 | 54.31 | 3.63 | 51.1 | 3.36 | −7.08 | 2.11 | −2.22 | 1.91 | −7.36 | 2.04 | −2.01 | 2.24 | −6.67 | 1.92 | −4.83 | 2.13 | −3.82 | 1.99 | −3.54 | 2.44 | ||
Nut+ | 55.49 | 3.08 | 51.6 | 3.17 | 50.37 | 3.41 | 49.1 | 3.15 | 6.77 | 1.98 | 4.15 | 1.79 | 3.96 | 1.92 | 8.05 | 2.09 | 3.41 | 1.80 | 6.83 | 1.99 | 5.49 | 1.87 | 6.16 | 2.28 | |||
RVIP Reaction time msec | Day 1 | Plac | 489.54 | 8.75 | 489 | 8.32 | 490 | 8.89 | 495 | 7.99 | −3.07 | 6.22 | −8.94 | 5.83 | −11.7 | 6.74 | −7.21 | 6.20 | −9.49 | 6.44 | −17.8 | 5.64 | −12.8 | 6.46 | −9.38 | 7.15 | Treatment p < 0.006 |
Nut+ | 486.76 | 8.20 | 483 | 7.80 | 483 | 8.33 | 483 | 7.49 | −16.2 | 5.83 | −18.3 | 5.46 | −12.7 | 6.32 | −7.7 | 5.81 | −20.8 | 6.04 | −17.8 | 5.29 | −13.5 | 6.06 | −8.32 | 6.70 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 486.55 | 7.84 | 486 | 8.48 | 491 | 8.37 | 495 | 7.65 | 0.05 | 5.36 | −1.91 | 5.48 | 3.20 | 6.35 | −8.26 | 6.65 | −10.3 | 5.94 | −6.47 | 5.22 | −3.93 | 6.70 | −17.4 | 7.14 | ||
Nut+ | 488.00 | 7.34 | 497 | 7.95 | 502 | 7.84 | 493 | 7.17 | −13.3 | 5.02 | −23.5 | 5.14 | −28.3 | 5.95 | −14.6 | 6.23 | −19.5 | 5.57 | −29.6 | 4.89 | −19.6 | 6.27 | −17.9 | 6.69 | |||
RVIP False alarms | Day 1 | Plac | 0.81 | 0.16 | 0.81 | 0.15 | 0.92 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 0.14 | −0.08 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.20 | −0.08 | 0.18 | −0.08 | 0.16 | −0.06 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.19 | −0.28 | 0.21 | −0.19 | 0.18 | Treatment p < 0.005 |
Nut+ | 0.42 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.17 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 0.92 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 0.78 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.14 | −0.03 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.19 | −0.08 | 0.24 | −0.14 | 0.20 | −0.28 | 0.21 | −0.28 | 0.15 | −0.14 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.18 | ||
Nut+ | 0.73 | 0.17 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.13 | −0.12 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.18 | −0.05 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.16 | −0.05 | 0.17 | |||
Serial 3s Number correct | Day 1 | Plac | 44.60 | 2.17 | 46.42 | 2.20 | 45.69 | 2.03 | 44.90 | 2.18 | 4.71 | 1.00 | 1.46 | 1.04 | 1.60 | 1.07 | 3.06 | 1.09 | 3.60 | 1.10 | 1.46 | 1.04 | 3.15 | 1.30 | 1.52 | 1.25 | Treatment p < 0.001 |
Nut+ | 46.68 | 2.20 | 49.30 | 2.22 | 47.77 | 2.05 | 48.70 | 2.20 | 7.60 | 1.01 | 3.94 | 1.05 | 5.28 | 1.08 | 5.02 | 1.10 | 7.09 | 1.11 | 4.45 | 1.05 | 4.36 | 1.31 | 4.34 | 1.26 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 43.48 | 2.40 | 47.65 | 2.28 | 45.73 | 2.30 | 45.58 | 2.36 | 6.48 | 1.52 | 2.06 | 1.27 | 3.33 | 1.11 | −0.79 | 1.38 | 7.90 | 1.64 | 1.81 | 1.16 | 3.15 | 1.40 | 2.46 | 1.31 | ||
Nut+ | 45.75 | 2.42 | 48.11 | 2.31 | 48.49 | 2.32 | 48.38 | 2.39 | 9.85 | 1.54 | 7.74 | 1.28 | 6.15 | 1.12 | 5.13 | 1.39 | 11.30 | 1.66 | 5.26 | 1.17 | 5.81 | 1.41 | 6.28 | 1.32 | |||
Serial 3s Number of errors | Day 1 | Plac | 2.15 | 0.30 | 2.06 | 0.37 | 2.42 | 0.33 | 2.50 | 0.38 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.49 | |
Nut+ | 2.77 | 0.30 | 2.64 | 0.38 | 2.72 | 0.33 | 2.72 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.46 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.41 | −0.13 | 0.37 | −0.26 | 0.38 | −0.68 | 0.40 | −0.11 | 0.50 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 2.96 | 0.37 | 2.46 | 0.35 | 2.67 | 0.36 | 2.56 | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.47 | 0.19 | 0.37 | −0.17 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.47 | −0.06 | 0.47 | −0.17 | 0.39 | −0.33 | 0.39 | −0.19 | 0.43 | ||
Nut+ | 2.30 | 0.37 | 2.45 | 0.35 | 2.36 | 0.36 | 2.57 | 0.35 | 0.94 | 0.47 | −0.30 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.39 | −0.02 | 0.40 | −0.15 | 0.44 | |||
Serial 7s number correct | Day 1 | Plac | 25.94 | 1.51 | 26.42 | 1.52 | 26.81 | 1.58 | 26.40 | 1.53 | 2.83 | 0.75 | 2.38 | 0.79 | 1.56 | 0.84 | 1.58 | 0.79 | 2.50 | 0.79 | 2.90 | 0.88 | 3.17 | 0.88 | 3.92 | 0.81 | Treatment p < 0.001 |
Nut+ | 28.00 | 1.53 | 28.43 | 1.53 | 29.40 | 1.60 | 29.64 | 1.55 | 4.68 | 0.76 | 4.00 | 0.80 | 4.21 | 0.85 | 4.06 | 0.80 | 5.87 | 0.80 | 4.40 | 0.89 | 3.49 | 0.89 | 3.83 | 0.82 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 26.58 | 1.48 | 26.17 | 1.57 | 26.98 | 1.50 | 27.15 | 1.61 | 2.25 | 0.88 | 2.52 | 0.91 | 1.21 | 0.91 | 1.13 | 1.06 | 4.33 | 0.97 | 4.10 | 1.09 | 2.92 | 0.90 | 2.54 | 0.95 | ||
Nut+ | 27.96 | 1.50 | 29.53 | 1.59 | 29.92 | 1.52 | 28.51 | 1.62 | 5.21 | 0.89 | 3.62 | 0.92 | 3.11 | 0.91 | 4.68 | 1.07 | 7.23 | 0.98 | 4.89 | 1.10 | 3.79 | 0.91 | 5.30 | 0.96 | |||
Serial 7s number of errors | Day 1 | Plac | 2.25 | 0.34 | 2.33 | 0.34 | 2.71 | 0.35 | 2.31 | 0.37 | 0.94 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.46 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 0.60 | 0.42 | −0.17 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.42 | |
Nut+ | 2.26 | 0.35 | 2.81 | 0.35 | 2.89 | 0.35 | 3.21 | 0.38 | 0.70 | 0.45 | 0.68 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.43 | −0.26 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.36 | −0.32 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.17 | 0.42 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 2.44 | 0.32 | 2.69 | 0.34 | 2.50 | 0.30 | 2.83 | 0.40 | 0.88 | 0.35 | −0.10 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.35 | −0.27 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.41 | ||
Nut+ | 2.32 | 0.32 | 2.62 | 0.34 | 2.92 | 0.30 | 3.75 | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.41 | −0.53 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.35 | −0.87 | 0.41 | |||
Fatigue % along VAS | Day 1 | Plac | 56.29 | 2.48 | 59.35 | 2.80 | 62.29 | 2.84 | 65.08 | 2.93 | 3.81 | 2.42 | 6.58 | 2.27 | 5.19 | 2.36 | 3.90 | 2.16 | 8.40 | 2.43 | 10.48 | 2.22 | 10.04 | 2.14 | 7.10 | 1.90 | Treatment p < 0.001 |
Nut+ | 57.89 | 2.51 | 62.83 | 2.83 | 67.38 | 2.87 | 70.45 | 2.96 | −5.60 | 2.44 | −7.09 | 2.30 | −8.96 | 2.39 | −11.5 | 2.18 | −1.43 | 2.45 | 0.79 | 2.24 | 0.94 | 2.16 | −0.28 | 1.92 | |||
Day 56 | Plac | 51.88 | 2.51 | 58.73 | 2.46 | 63.31 | 2.55 | 66.25 | 2.72 | 8.10 | 2.40 | 6.19 | 2.19 | 4.79 | 2.05 | 3.85 | 1.97 | 10.67 | 2.47 | 9.71 | 2.31 | 5.15 | 2.39 | 3.90 | 2.27 | ||
Nut+ | 57.87 | 2.53 | 65.45 | 2.49 | 70.47 | 2.57 | 74.87 | 2.75 | −0.98 | 2.42 | −3.40 | 2.21 | −4.53 | 2.07 | −6.28 | 1.99 | 5.17 | 2.50 | 3.49 | 2.34 | 1.53 | 2.41 | −1.28 | 2.30 |
Data are means (±SEM, in italics) and comprise raw data from the pre-dose baseline assessment and “change from baseline” (adjusted to the days’ corresponding pre-dose score) data for the 40 min and 160 min post-dose assessments. Sample sizes were 77 (placebo 36) for the Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP) and 95 (placebo 48) for the Serial 3s, 7s and fatigue. Treatment = main effect of treatment from the ANOVA; Plac = placebo; Nut+ = nutrient enriched; RVIP = Rapid Visual Information Processing task; Rep = repetition of task.