Table 3.

Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the prevalence of obesity as defined by body mass index (≥25) according to coffee consumption category.

Daily Coffee Consumption	No of Subjects		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Without Obesity 1	With Obesity
All subjects
None	612 (13.4)	113 (7.9)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<1 cup/day	1269 (27.8)	377 (26.4)	1.61 (1.28–2.03)	1.76 (1.39–2.23)	1.75 (1.38–2.22)
1–2 cups/day	1096 (24.0)	361 (25.3)	1.78 (1.41–2.25)	2.05 (1.61–2.60)	2.04 (1.60–2.60)
2–3 cups/day	874 (19.1)	304 (21.3)	1.88 (1.48–2.39)	2.36 (1.84–3.03)	2.35 (1.81–3.05)
≥3 cups/day	717 (15.7)	272 (19.1)	2.06 (1.61–2.62)	2.54 (1.96–3.28)	2.52 (1.91–3.34)
p for trend 2			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Premenopausal women
None	177 (9.2)	25 (5.3)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<1 cup/day	452 (23.4)	100 (21.1)	1.57 (0.98–2.51)	1.61 (0.99–2.60)	1.63 (1.00–2.64)
1–2 cups/day	458 (23.7)	109 (23.0)	1.69 (1.06–2.69)	1.70 (1.05–2.75)	1.75 (1.08–2.85)
2–3 cups/day	458 (23.7)	122 (25.7)	1.89 (1.19–3.00)	1.89 (1.17–3.06)	2.00 (1.22–3.27)
≥3 cups/day	385 (20.0)	118 (24.9)	2.17 (1.36–3.46)	2.10 (1.29–3.41)	2.28 (1.36–3.82)
p for trend 2			0.001	0.007	0.006
Postmenopausal women
None	435 (16.5)	88 (9.2)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
<1 cup/day	817 (31.0)	277 (29.1)	1.68 (1.28–2.19)	1.79 (1.36–2.35)	1.76 (1.34–2.32)
1–2 cups/day	638 (24.2)	252 (26.4)	1.95 (1.49–2.56)	2.16 (1.63–2.86)	2.10 (1.58–2.79)
2–3 cups/day	416 (15.8)	182 (19.1)	2.16 (1.62–2.88)	2.52 (1.87–3.39)	2.40 (1.75–3.30)
≥3 cups/day	332 (12.6)	154 (16.2)	2.29 (1.70–3.09)	2.66 (1.95–3.64)	2.52 (1.79–3.54)
p for trend 2			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age, education level, occupation, alcohol intake, smoking status, regular exercise, total energy intake. Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in Model 2 + sugar and creamer additive use. ¹ Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m²; ² p for trend was calculated using the median value of each category as a continuous variable.