Table 4.
CELF-4: Differences in outcomes 1 and regression models for offspring of mothers with deficient UIC (<150 μg/L) (n = 15) during pregnancy compared to mothers with sufficient UIC (≥150 μg/L) (n = 30).
| UIC ≥ 150 μg/L | UIC < 150 μg/L | p Value 5 | Unadjusted | Adjusted for Biological Factors 2 | Adjusted for Biological & Socioeconomic Factors 3 | Adjusted for Biological & Socioeconomic Factors & Adolescent UIC 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | β (95% CI) | p Value | ||||
| Indexes (Standard Scores) | |||||||||||
| Core Language Index (RS, FS, WC-T & WD) 6 | 101.5 (12.0) | 94.3 (14.5) | 0.106 | −7.2 (−16.0 to 1.6) | 0.106 | −7.1 (−15.6 to 1.5) | 0.101 | −7.9 (−16.9 to 1.1) | 0.085 | −8.6 (−18.2 to 1.0) | 0.076 |
| Receptive Language Index (WC-R, USP & SR) 6 | 101.1 (9.5) | 96.9 (15.5) | 0.352 | −4.1 (−13.0 to 4.7) | 0.352 | −4.4 (−12.9 to 4.2) | 0.307 | −4.9 (−13.9 to 4.1) | 0.279 | −5.8 (−15.5 to 4.0) | 0.236 |
| Expressive Language Index (RS, FS & WC-E) 6 | 103.3 (11.5) | 95.2 (14.6) | 0.069 | −8.1 (−16.9 to 0.7) | 0.069 | −7.6 (−16.4 to 1.1) | 0.085 | −8.5 (−17.6 to 0.7) | 0.069 | −8.9 (−18.7 to 1.0) | 0.077 |
| Language Content Index (WD, USP & SA) 6 | 102.5 (11.0) | 96.9 (15.9) | 0.231 | −5.6 (−14.8 to 3.7) | 0.231 | −5.7 (−14.4 to 2.9) | 0.186 | −7.0 (−15.9 to 1.9) | 0.121 | −7.8 (−17.2 to 1.6) | 0.103 |
| Language Memory Index (RS, FS & SR) 6 | 100.6 (11.0) | 94.7 (15.4) | 0.193 | −5.9 (−14.9 to 3.1) | 0.193 | −4.9 (−13.6 to 3.9) | 0.271 | −5.3 (−14.6 to 4.0) | 0.254 | −5.8 (−15.9 to 4.3) | 0.249 |
| Working Memory Index (NR-T & FSq1) 6 | 96.8 (10.9) | 90.7 (15.1) | 0.169 | −6.1 (−15.0 to 2.7) | 0.169 | −6.4 (−15.3 to 2.5) | 0.154 | −4.8 (−13.8 to 4.3) | 0.292 | −5.5 (−15.3 to 4.2) | 0.258 |
| Sub-tests (Scaled Scores) | |||||||||||
| Recalling Sentences (RS) | 10.07 (2.15) | 9.27 (2.79) | 0.336 | −0.8 (−2.5 to 0.9) | 0.336 | −0.5 (−2.1 to 1.1) | 0.532 | −0.7 (−2.4 to 0.9) | 0.374 | −0.6 (−2.4 to 1.2) | 0.477 |
| Formulated Sentences (FS) | 10.73 (2.43) | 8.93 (3.11) | 0.057 | −1.8 (−3.7 to 0.1) | 0.057 | −1.7 (−3.5 to 0.2) | 0.075 | −1.7 (−3.6 to 0.3) | 0.091 | −1.8 (−3.9 to 0.3) | 0.087 |
| Word Classes—Receptive (WC-R) | 9.40 (2.26) | 8.86 (2.77) | 0.521 | −0.5 (−2.2 to 1.1) | 0.521 | −0.7 (−2.3 to 0.9) | 0.396 | −0.8 (−2.5 to 0.9) | 0.366 | −0.8 (−2.6 to 1.1) | 0.392 |
| Word Classes—Expressive (WC-E) | 10.73 (2.76) | 9.69 (3.64) | 0.336 | −1.0 (−3.2 to 1.1) | 0.336 | −1.2 (−3.4 to 1.0) | 0.268 | −1.4 (−3.7 to 0.9) | 0.224 | −1.6 (−4.1 to 0.8) | 0.190 |
| Word Classes—Total (WC-T) | 9.93 (2.74) | 9.24 (3.28) | 0.488 | −0.7 (−2.7 to 1.3) | 0.488 | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.1) | 0.389 | −1.0 (−3.1 to 1.1) | 0.358 | −1.1 (−3.4 to 1.1) | 0.314 |
| Word Definitions (WD) | 10.13 (3.20) | 9.40 (3.46) | 0.496 | −0.7 (−2.9 to 1.4) | 0.496 | −0.8 (−2.9 to 1.3) | 0.430 | −1.1 (−3.3 to 1.1) | 0.330 | −1.4 (−3.7 to 0.9) | 0.221 |
| Understanding Spoken Paragraphs (USP) | 11.40 (2.47) | 10.67 (3.29) | 0.451 | −0.7 (−2.7 to 1.2) | 0.451 | −0.8 (−2.6 to 1.1) | 0.400 | −1.0 (−2.8 to 0.8) | 0.279 | −1.2 (−3.1 to 0.8) | 0.247 |
| Sentence Assembly (SA) | 9.33 (2.61) | 8.07 (2.75) | 0.146 | −1.3 (−3.0 to 0.5) | 0.146 | −1.3 (−2.9 to 0.4) | 0.131 | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.3) | 0.113 | −1.3 (−3.1 to 0.6) | 0.161 |
| Semantic Relationships (SR) | 9.53 (1.77) | 8.83 (3.12) | 0.426 | −0.7 (−2.5 to 1.1) | 0.426 | −0.7 (−2.4 to 1.1) | 0.443 | −0.6 (−2.4 to 1.2) | 0.513 | −0.9 (2.9 to 1.1) | 0.360 |
| Number Repetition—Forwards (NR-F) | 9.07 (2.38) | 8.20 (2.47) | 0.267 | −0.9 (−2.4 to 0.7) | 0.267 | −0.9 (−2.5 to 0.6) | 0.229 | −1.1 (−2.7 to 0.5) | 0.187 | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.4) | 0.116 |
| Number Repetition—Backwards (NR-B) | 9.67 (1.50) | 9.60 (3.11) | 0.938 | −0.1 (−1.8 to 1.7) | 0.938 | −0.1 (−1.9 to 1.7) | 0.926 | −0.1 (−1.8 to 1.9) | 0.947 | +0.1 (−1.9 to 2.1) | 0.946 |
| Number Repetition—Total (NR-T) | 9.20 (1.78) | 8.47 (2.93) | 0.380 | −0.7 (−2.4 to 0.9) | 0.380 | −0.8 (−2.5 to 0.9) | 0.338 | −0.8 (−2.5 to 1.0) | 0.363 | −1.0 (−2.8 to 0.9) | 0.308 |
| Familiar Sequences 1 (FSq1) | 9.67 (2.55) | 8.53 (2.96) | 0.213 | −1.3 (−2.9 to 0.7) | 0.212 | −1.2 (−3.0 to 0.6) | 0.188 | −0.7 (−2.4 to 1.1) | 0.448 | −0.7 (−2.6 to 1.2) | 0.456 |
1 Data for differences in outcomes are means (SD) for continuous variables and percentages (n/N %) for categorical variables. 2 Model adjusted for gestational age at the time of maternal UI collection, maternal age at birth of child, gestational length at time of birth, birth weight and sex. 3 Model adjusted for all of the above and for maternal education. 4 Model adjusted for all of the above and for adolescent UIC. 5 p values for differences in outcomes were calculated using t tests for continuous variables and Χ2 tests for categorical variables. 6 RS—Recalling Sentences; FS—Formulated Sentences; WC-T—Word Classes-Total; WC-R—Word Classes-Receptive; USP—Understanding Spoken Paragraphs; SR—Semantic Relationships; WC-E—Word Classes-Expressive; SA—Sentence Assembly; NR-T—Number Repetition-Total; FSq1—Familiar Sequences 1.