Table 1.
Characteristics of the study subjects.
| Men | Women | p Value a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 3112) | (n = 3439) | ||
| Age (years) b | 73.4 ± 5.8 | 73.9 ± 6.2 | 0.002 |
| <75 | 1928 (62.0) | 2076 (60.4) | 0.188 |
| ≥75 | 1184 (38.0) | 1363 (39.6) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) c | 23.1 ± 2.9 | 22.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| <18.5 | 85 (2.7) | 243 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 2350 (75.9) | 2508 (73.7) | |
| ≥25.0 | 663 (21.4) | 653 (19.2) | |
| Current drinker, n (%) d | 1991 (66.4) | 680 (20.4) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) e | 560 (18.6) | 118 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Education (years), n (%) f | |||
| ≤9 | 734 (26.2) | 885 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| 10–12 | 1198 (42.7) | 1665 (53.7) | |
| ≥13 | 872 (31.1) | 549 (17.7) | |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) g | |||
| Poor | 1972 (65.2) | 2106 (64.4) | 0.50 |
| Wealthy | 1053 (34.8) | 1165 (35.6) | |
| History of disease, n (%) h | 1971 (63.3) | 1965 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Medication use, n (%) i | |||
| 0–2 | 1560 (53.7) | 1749 (54.8) | 0.14 |
| 3–4 | 731 (25.2) | 827 (25.9) | |
| ≥5 | 614 (21.1) | 615 (19.3) | |
| Mobility disability (KCL cut-off ≥3), n (%) j | 415 (14.3) | 817 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| Oral status | |||
| Poor mastication k, n (%) | 947 (31.1) | 1045 (30.9) | 0.87 |
| Denture use l, n (%) | 1735 (57.0) | 1996 (59.3) | 0.06 |
| Total fruit and vegetable (times/day) | 3.5 (2.3, 5.2) | 4.6 (3.2, 6.5) | <0.001 |
| Fruit (times/day) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.6) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable (times/day) | 2.8 (1.8, 4.2) | 3.6 (2.4, 5.1) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1959 ± 449 | 1576 ± 334 | <0.001 |
| Nutrients m | |||
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 9.2 (9.1–9.3) | 11.3 (11.2–11.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 89.0 (87.3–90.6) | 123.1 (121.5–124.6) | <0.001 |
| Carotene (µg/day) | 2429 (2391–2466) | 2683 (2647–2718) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/day) | 10.1 (9.9–10.2) | 11.5 (11.4–11.7) | <0.001 |
KCL, Kihon Checklist. Values are mean ± standard deviation or median (25%, 75%) for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables. a p values are based on unpaired t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. b Based on 3112 men and 3439 women. c Based on 3098 men and 3404 women. d Based on 3000 men and 3330 women. e Based on 3007 men and 3296 women. f Based on 2804 men and 3099 women. g Based on 3025 men and 3271 women. h Based on 3112 men and 3439 women. i Based on 2905 men and 3191 women. j Based on 2895 men and 3143 women. k Based on 3043 men and 3378 women. l Based on 3043 men and 3364 women. m Adjusted for total energy intake.