Table 1.
Experimental model.
| Group | Administration | Range of the Daily Intake During the 24-Month Administration | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AE 1 | Cd (1 or 5 mg Cd/kg) 2 | AE (PF) (mg/kg b.w.) 3 | Cd (μg/kg/b.w.) 4 | |
| Control | − | - | 2.30–4.98 | |
| AE | + | - | 67.4–146.6 (44.3–96.4) | 2.25–4.95 |
| Cd1 | − | +(1 mg Cd/kg) | 39.2–83.8 | |
| Cd1 + AE | + | +(1 mg Cd/kg) | 67.2–154.7 (44.2–101.7) | 37.5–84.9 |
| Cd5 | − | +(5 mg Cd/kg) | 210.1–403.2 | |
| Cd5 + AE | + | +(5 mg Cd/kg) | 63.1–150.3 (41.5–98.8) | 200.2–401.9 |
1 AE (extract from the berries of Aronia melanocarpa) was administered as the only drinking fluid, in the form of 0.1% aqueous solution prepared by dissolving in redistilled water the powdered Aronia extract (Adamed Consumer Healthcare, Tuszyn, Poland; Certificate KJ 4/2010, Butch No. M100703), containing, according to the manufacturer, 65.74% of polyphenols (including 18.65% of anthocyanins). The powdered extract contained total polyphenols—612.40 ± 3.33 mg/g, total anthocyanins—202.28 ± 1.28 mg/g (cyanidin 3-O-β-galactoside—80.07 ± 1.05 mg/g, cyanidin 3-O-α-arabinoside—33.21 ± 0.01 mg/g, cyanidin 3-O-β-glucoside—3.68 ± 0.01 mg/g), total proanthocyanidins—129.87 ± 1.12 mg/g, total phenolic acids—110.92 ± 0.89 mg/g (chlorogenic acid—68.32 ± 0.08 mg/g), and total flavonoids—21.94 ± 0.98 mg/g [5]. The concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in 0.1% AE reached 1.39 ± 0.04 μg/L and 0.803 ± 0.065 μg/L, respectively, whereas the cadmium (Cd) concentration was below the limit of detection (<0.05 μg/L [7]). 2 Cd diets were prepared by the addition, at their production stage, of appropriate amounts of cadmium chloride (CdCl2 × 2½ H2O) into the ingredients of the standard Labofeed H and B diets to achieve the concentrations of 1 and 5 mg Cd/kg. The concentration of Cd determined in our laboratory in the Labofeed H and B diets did not differ (reached by mean 1.09 ± 0.13 mg/kg and 4.92 ± 0.53 mg/kg) [7] and agreed with the values certified by the producer. 3 Data represent the range of the daily intake of AE and polyphenols (PF) throughout the 24-month study. Polyphenols intake was calculated assuming that the commercial extract contained 65.74% of these compounds (certified value). The intake of AE and polyphenols in the control group, Cd1 group, and Cd5 group was recognised to be 0. Detailed data on polyphenols intake in particular experimental groups have already been published [7]. 4 Data represent the range of the daily Cd intake throughout the 24-month study. Cd intake in the control group and AE group was calculated based on this metal concentration determined in the standard diet (0.0584 ± 0.0049 mg/kg) [7], while this metal intake in the groups exposed to Cd was calculated based on its concentration in the diet declared by the manufacturer (1 or 5 mg Cd/kg). Detailed data on Cd intake in particular groups have already been published [7]. “−” AE and/or Cd were not administered; “+” AE and/or Cd were administered.