Table 1.
Characteristics of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis in the study population by antimicrobial receipt
| Variable | Total study sample (N = 278) |
Patients who received no antimicrobials (n = 189) |
Patients who received ≥1 antimicrobials (n = 89) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 66.7 ± 15.5 | 66.8 ± 15.7 | 66.4 ± 15.1 |
| Male sex | 144 (51.8) | 106 (56.1) | 38 (42.7) |
| Race-ethnicity | |||
| White | 145 (52.2) | 105 (55.6) | 40 (44.9) |
| Black | 93 (33.5) | 62 (32.8) | 31 (34.8) |
| Other or unknown | 40 (13.4) | 22 (11.6) | 18 (20.2) |
| Primary indication for hemodialysis, diabetes mellitus | 124 (44.6) | 81 (42.9) | 43 (48.3) |
| Hemodialysis access type at time of enrollment | |||
| Arteriovenous fistula-graft | 186 (66.9) | 143 (75.7) | 43 (48.3) |
| Tunneled catheter | 92 (33.1) | 46 (24.3) | 46 (51.7) |
| Unit B | 149 (53.6) | 97 (51.3) | 52 (58.4) |
| Time of day patient regularly receives hemodialysis | |||
| Daytime shift | 255 (91.7) | 169 (89.4) | 86 (96.6) |
| Evening shift | 23 (8.3) | 20 (10.6) | 3 (3.6) |
| Median duration of study participation, mo (IQR) | 11.7 (6.0–12.0) | 10.6 (4.2–11.9) | 11.9 (9.1–12.0) |
| Mean duration of hemodialysis at time of enrollment ± SD, y | 2.80 ± 3.19 | 2.65 ± 3.10 | 3.02 ± 3.37 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score >4 | 134 (48.2) | 82 (43.4) | 52 (58.4) |
| Requires wheelchair or bedbound | 37 (13.3) | 20 (10.6) | 17 (19.1) |
| Chronic wound present on enrollment | 17 (6.1) | 9 (4.8) | 8 (9.0) |
| Immunosuppressive medication at time of enrollment* | 25 (9.0) | 13 (6.9) | 12 (13.5) |
| History of prior organ transplant | 21 (7.6) | 14 (7.4) | 7 (7.9) |
| Malignancy | 16 (5.8) | 10 (5.3) | 6 (6.7) |
| History of ≥1 multidrug-resistant organism in 12 mo preceding enrollment | 22 (7.9) | 8 (4.2) | 14 (15.7) |
| VRE | 10 (3.6) | 4 (2.1) | 6 (6.7) |
| MRSA | 11 (4.0) | 4 (2.1) | 7 (7.9) |
| MDRGN | 9 (3.2) | 2 (1.1) | 7 (7.9) |
| Hospitalizations in the 12 mo prior to enrollment, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–4) |
NOTE. Data are n (%), unless indicated otherwise.
IQR, interquartile range; MDRGN, multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
*
Immunosuppressive medications include corticosteroids (prednisone dose equivalent of ≥20 mg/d), immunomodulators, and cancer chemotherapeutic treatment.