Table 1.
Bivariate Analyses: Age 3 Predictors of Lifetime Enuresis Diagnosis at Age 9
| No Enuresis Diagnosis (n=356) |
Enuresis Diagnosis (n=52) |
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Child mean age: years (SD) | 3.50 (0.26) | 3.53 (0.25) | 1.03 | .94-1.13 |
| Child sex: male n (%) | 181 (50.8%) | 36 (69.2%) | 2.17* | 1.17-.4.02 |
| Child race/ethnicity: White/non-Hispanic n (%) | 305 (86.6%) | 47 (90.4%) | 1.57 | .60-4.14 |
| Parental marital status: married n (%) | 335 (94.1%) | 50 (96.2%) | 1.57 | .36-6.89 |
| Maternal education: college graduate | 204 (58.2%) | 30 (53.8%) | .84 | .47-1.50 |
| Paternal education: college graduate | 158 (48.6%) | 20 (41.7%) | .76 | .41-1.40 |
| Child Psychopathology and Functioning, n (%) | ||||
| Depressive disorder n (%) | 5 (1.4%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1.38 | .16-12.02 |
| Anxiety disorder n (%) | 61 (17.1%) | 16 (30.8%) | 2.15* | 1.12-4.12 |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder n (%) | 9 (2.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.87 | .84-.90 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder n (%) | 38 (10.7%) | 4 (9.5%) | .70 | .24-2.04 |
| Depressive symptoms (SD) | 3.65 (4.17) | 4.04 (4.13) | 1.02 | .96-1.09 |
| Anxiety symptoms (SD) | 6.40 (5.77) | 8.80 (8.15) | 1.06** | 1.01-1.10 |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms (SD) | 2.78 (2.34) | 3.62 (2.34) | 1.01 | .94-1.09 |
| Oppositional defiant symptoms (SD) | 2.41 (2.82) | 3.12 (2.78) | 1.08 | .99-1.19 |
| GAF (SD) | 85.03 (14.09) | 79.67 (14.00) | .98* | .96-1.00 |
| Impairment (SD) | 0.78 (1.38) | 1.06 (1.48) | 1.14 | .94-1.37 |
| Child Temperament, mean (SD) | ||||
| Lab-TAB Positive Affect | 1.64 (0.23) | 1.56 (0.22) | .24* | .06-.90 |
| Lab-TAB Negative Affect | 0.56 (0.26) | 0.54 (0.24) | .75 | .24-2.38 |
| Parental Psychopathology, n (%) | ||||
| Parental lifetime depressive disorder | 151 (42.4%) | 23 (44.2%) | 1.08 | .60-1.94 |
| Parental lifetime anxiety disorder | 157 (44.1%) | 33 (63.5.%) | 2.20** | 1.21-4.02 |
| Parental lifetime substance use disorder | 182 (51.1%) | 30 (57.7%) | 1.30 | .72-2.35 |
| Maternal Parenting, mean (SD) | ||||
| Maternal authoritative parenting | 61.18 (6.50) | 58.80 (7.30) | .95* | .91-.99 |
| Maternal authoritarian parenting | 20.06 (4.30) | 20.17 (4.23) | 1.01 | .94-1.08 |
| Maternal permissive parenting | 10.72 (3.27) | 10.90 (2.77) | 1.02 | .93-1.11 |
| Paternal Parenting, mean (SD) | ||||
| Paternal authoritative parenting | 56.65 (8.12) | 53.95 (9.53) | .96* | .93-1.00 |
| Paternal authoritarian parenting | 20.64 (4.90) | 20.91 (4.56) | 1.01 | .95-1.08 |
| Paternal permissive parenting | 11.12 (2.90) | 11.91 (2.85) | 1.09† | .99-1.19 |
Note.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .001.
OR=Odds Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; Lab-TAB = Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery. Boldface text indicates a statistically significant predictor of lifetime enuresis.