Table 4.

Mean scores and standard deviation reported in different studies that used the Herth Hope Index and standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d)

Study (year), country	Sample (N)	HHI global, mean ± SD	Cohen’s d [95% CI]
Present study, Norway	Cardiac surgery (416)	3 months: 38.3 ± 5.1, 6 months: 38.3 ± 5.4, 12 months: 38.7 ± 5.1	0.46 [0.35, 0.57]a
Mahdavi (2016), [34] Iran	Cardiac surgery (80)	Pre-surgery: 20.2 ± 8.1 1 month: 23.4 ± 6.8	2.81 [2.51, 3.11]b
Kelly-Tobin (2016), [18] USA	Women after MI (91)	39.06 ± 4.65	- 0.32 [− 0.63, − 0.01]c
Eriksson (2013), [35] Sweden	After MI (13)	1 month: 40.6 ± 5.8, 13 months: 41.6 ± 5.4, 24 months: 41.5 ± 6.7	- 0.57 [− 1.12, − 0.01]b
McGurk (2010), [33] USA	Heart Failure (65)	39.03 ± 5.67	- 0.06 [− 0.32, 0.20]b
Bay (2008), [36] Sweden	CABG surgery (166)	Pre-surgery: 40.5 ± 5.0 1 month: 40.9 ± 5.2	- 0.43 [− 0.67, − 0.19]d
Van Kuiken (2008), [37] USA	Heart Failure (67)	38.8 ± 7.03	- 0.02 [− 0.3, 0.24]b
Rustøen (2005), [38] Norway	Heart Failure (88)	37.69 ± 5.3	0.2 [− 0.04, 0.43]b
Evangelista (2003), [39] USA	Women, Heart Transplant Recipients (50)	35.84 ± 5.08	0.19 [− 0.17, 0.56]c
Beckie (2001), [11] USA	Women, after cardiac events (93)	40.93 ± 5.34	- 0.59 [− .91, − 0.28]c
Staples (1997), [40] Canada	Cardiac surgery waiting period (21)	38.5 ± 4.1	0.04 [− 0.04, 0.48]b

^aScores at 12 months compared with general Norwegian population (Rustøen et al. 2003), ^bCompared with values at 12 months present study, ^cCompared with values for women at 12 months present study, ^dValues at 1 month control group compared with 12 months present study, CI = Confidence Interval, MI = Myocardial Infarction, CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery