Figure 4.

Effects of estrogen on cell surface receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) expression in postmenopausal women. Changes in osteoprotegerin (OPG)-Fc-FITC fluorescence as an index of mean RANKL surface concentration per cell are shown for premenopausal women (red bars), estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women (green bars), and estrogen-treated postmenopausal women (black bars). (A–D) The various cell populations as indicated. P-values by analysis of variance (ANOVA) are as indicated. ***P < 0.001 versus the premenopausal women. (From Eghbali-Fatourechi et al. 2003; reproduced, with permission, from the American Society for Clinical Investigation © 2003.)