Table 1.

Overview of intervention studies which have investigated the effect of hypercaloric feeding on liver fat content

Ref	Design	Subjects	Intervention	Energy excess	Duration	Change in body mass	Change in liver fat
124	SG	7 M 24.7±1.3 years 19–25 kg/m2a	StdD+Fru (1.5 g/kg)	18%	4 weeks	NSD	NSD
115	R/P	16 M T2DM offspring (24.7±1.3 years) 19–25 kg/m2aversus 8M Con (24±1 years) 19–25 kg/m2a	StdD versus StdD+Fru (3.5 g/kg/FFM)	35%	7 days	T2DM offspring: ↑ 1.0 kgb* Con: ↑ 0.6 kgb* NSD between groups	T2DM off: ↑ 79%* Controls: ↑ 76%* NSD between groups
114	R/P	32 M 18-50 yearsa 25.9–32.2 kg/m2c	StdD+Glu (25%TE) versus Fru (25%TE)	25%	2 weeks	Fru: ↑ 1.0±1.4 kg* Glu: ↑ 0.6±1.0 kg* NSD between groups	Fru: ↑ 24%b* Glu: ↑ 26%b* NSD between groups
116	R/C	11 M 24.6±0.6 years 19–25 kg/m2a	StdD+Fru (3.5 g/kg/FFM) versus Glu (3.5 g/kg/FFM)	35%	7 days	Fru: ↑ 0.6 kgb* Glu: ↑ 1 kgb*	Fru: ↑ 52%±13%* Glu: ↑ 58%±23% NSD between groups
125	R/P	20 M+F 30.5±2.0 years 25.9±0.5 kg/m2	StdD+Fru (150 g/day) versus Glu (150 g/day)	600 kcal/day	4 weeks	Glu: ↑ 1.7±0.4 kg* Fru: NSD	NSD in either group
128	R/P	47 M+F 20–50 yearsa 26–40 kg/m2a	StdD+1 L/day of cola, semi-skimmed milk, diet cola, or water	Cola: 430 kcal/day Milk: 450 kcal/day Diet-cola: N/A Water: N/A	6 months	NSD between groups No comparisons made relative to baseline	Cola: ↑132%–143% compared with other gps.* NSD between milk, diet-cola or water
129	SG	16 M+F 54 yearsd (40–59 years)e 30.6±1.2 kg/m2	StdD+added sugars (‘candy diet’)	1000 kcal/day	3 weeks	↑ 1.8±0.3 kg*	↑ 27%*
133	R/P	37 M+F 20-38 yearsa 18–27 kg/m2a	Habitual diet+high SFA or high-n-6 PUFA muffins	Adjusted to achieve 3% wt gain at follow-up	7 weeks	SFA: ↑ 1.6±0.96 kg PUFA: ↑ 1.6±0.85 kg. NSD between groups	SFA: ↑ 58%.b PUFA: ↑53%b#
132	SG	15 M 25±6.6 yearsf 23.4±2.5 kg/m2f	Habitual diet+280 g/day fat (800 mL cream)	2632 kcal/day	3 days	NSD in BMI Body mass not presented	↑ 112%*b
134	R/C	10 M 24±1 years 22.4±0.6 kg/m2	StdD+HF (+100% fat intakeb) versus HF+high-pro (+100% fat +>100% pro intakeb)	HF: 30%b HF+high-pro: 49%b	4 days	HF: NSD HF+high-pro: ↑ 1.1 kga*	HF: ↑ 90%* HF+high-pro: ↑ 68%b*#
139	R/P	36 M 22 years (19–27)c 22.5 kg/m2 (19.5–24.5)c	Habitual diet+3 L/day HFHS or HS beverage, consumed 3x daily with meals or 2–3 hours after meal ingestion	40%	6 weeks	↑ 2.5±1.7 kgg* NSD between groups	NSD in gps consuming beverages with meals HFHS ↑ 45%* and HS, ↑ 110%*when consumed between meals NSD in ‘between meals’ groups
117	P	30 M 23.9±0.4 years 22.6±0.2 kg/m2	StdD+Fru (3.5 g/kg/FFM), SFA (+30% TE), versus StdD+Fru+ SFA (3.5 g/kg/FFM and +30% TE)	Fru: 35% SFA: 30% Fru+SFA: 65%	7 days	↑ 0.3±0.1 kgg NSD between groups	Fru: ↑ 16%* SFA: ↑ 86%* Fru+SFA: ↑ 133%*#
135	R/C	9 M 23.3±0.9 years 22.6±0.5 kg/m2	StdD+high Fru (3 g/kg)+placebo (6.6 g/day maltodextrin) versus high-Fru (3 g/kg)+EAA (20.3 g/day)	High-Fru+placebo: 36%b High-Fru+EAA: 38%b	6 days	NSD	High-Fru+placebo: ↑ 115%*b High-Fru+EAA: ↑ 81%b*#

Subject data presented as mean±SEM unless otherwise stated.

^aInclusion criteria or estimated range within which all participants are included.

^bEstimated from table/graph.

^cRange.

^dMedian.

^eIQR.

^fSD.

^gPooled data.

*Significant effect of intervention (p< 0.05) according to the manuscript.

^#Significant difference between groups (p< 0.05) according to the manuscript.

BMI, body mass index; C, crossover; EAA, essential amino acids; F, Female, T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FFM, fat-free mass; Fru, fructose; Glu, glucose; HF, high fat; HFHS, high fat and high sugar; HS, high sugar; M, male; N/A, not available; NSD, no significant difference; P, parallel groups; Pro, protein; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; R, randomised; Ref, reference; SFA, saturated fatty acids; SG, single group; StdD, standardised diet; TE, total energy.