Representative immunofluorescence results (red, uroplakin III; green: tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 (TSG-6); blue: DAPI) of the bladders of rats in the untreated control group (top row), control 1W group (second row), hyaluronidase (HAase) 1W group (third row), HAase 1W/TSG-6 group (fourth row), and HAase 1W/PBS group (bottom row) (200×). Each tissue layer is labeled with a bracket “}” to indicate its range. a: transitional cell epithelium, b: lamina propria mucosae, c: muscle layer. Top row: Note uroplakin III expression on the surface of the bladder epithelium and weak TSG-6 expression. In the merged image, there is co-expression of uroplakin III and TSG-6 on the surface of the bladder epithelium (arrows). Second row: note reduced uroplakin III expression on the surface of the bladder epithelium, and increased expression of TSG-6 in the bladder epithelium, lamina propria mucosa, and tunica muscularis (arrows). Third row: note increased and more continuous expression of uroplakin III (arrow), increased TSG-6 expression in the full-thickness bladder wall (arrow), and co-expression of uroplakin III and TSG-6 on the surface of the bladder epithelium with a repaired bladder barrier in the merged image (arrow). Bottom row: note a focal deficit of uroplakin III expression (arrow) and increased TSG-6 expression in the full-thickness of the bladder wall (arrow)