Table 1.

Trends in sociodemographic characteristics in Indonesia (1986–2012)

Sociodemographic characteristics	1986–1989 (N=11,929)	1990–1993 (N=23,517)	1994–1997 (N=15,983)	1998–2001 (N=12,837)	2002–2005 (N=15,684)	2006–2009 (N=15,226)	2010–2012 (N=9,044)	P-value
Maternal education								<0.001
No education	15.3	11.8	8.9	4.9	4.0	2.3	2.2
Primary	63.7	60.7	57.6	48.6	43.2	35.5	30.5
Secondary	19.0	24.9	29.9	40.5	45.5	51.5	54.4
Higher	2.0	2.6	3.6	6.0	7.4	10.7	12.9
Paternal education								<0.001
No education	9.8	7.6	5.5	3.3	3.1	2.3	1.4
Primary	61.0	57.4	53.4	46.4	40.3	34.2	31.5
Secondary	25.4	30.4	35.8	42.7	47.7	52.9	55.1
Higher	3.9	4.7	5.3	7.6	8.9	10.7	12.0
Area of residence								<0.001
Java and Bali	56.1	56.5	57.1	56.4	54.9	54.5	55.1
Sumatera	24.4	23.3	22.8	23.8	22.2	22.9	22.7
Nusa Tenggara	4.8	5.3	5.3	4.8	5.2	5.3	4.8
Kalimantan	5.6	5.6	5.6	6.6	6.6	6.2	6.3
Sulawesi	6.6	7.2	6.9	8.5	9.0	7.9	7.8
Maluku and Papua	2.4	2.1	2.2	0.0	2.1	3.1	3.4
Place of residence								<0.001
Urban	29.1	26.9	28.0	46.2	42.6	47.1	48.8
Rural	70.9	73.1	72.1	53.8	57.4	53.0	51.2
Age group of the mother (years)								<0.001
10–19	2.3	4.2	6.4	2.8	2.8	2.8	5.2
20–29	53.1	52.8	53.5	50.8	48.2	47.0	51.7
30–39	37.3	36.0	34.3	38.3	40.8	41.4	37.3
40–49	7.4	6.9	5.8	8.1	8.2	8.9	5.8
Religion								<0.001
Islam	87.6	87.7	88.3	89.3	86.7	85.7	0.0
Others	12.4	12.3	11.7	10.7	13.3	14.3	0.0
Birth order								<0.001
1	15.8	22.5	28.2	27.7	27.4	30.8	37.6
2	25.8	25.0	26.3	30.0	30.6	32.5	32.3
3	18.6	18.0	17.1	19.2	19.6	18.0	16.2
4	14.0	11.7	10.5	9.0	9.6	9.0	6.8
5	9.6	8.0	6.5	5.3	5.5	4.5	3.4
≥6	16.2	14.8	11.4	8.7	7.3	5.2	3.7
Asset quintiles								<0.001
Poorest	21.46	16.06	13.71	15.85	16.1	15.45	15.05
Poor	21.79	21.96	19.77	19.85	20.3	18.6	19.04
Middle	19.58	20.07	21.33	21.42	20.53	22.77	24.7
Rich	22.4	22.98	26.11	23.97	22.52	20.98	19.31
Richest	14.77	18.92	19.07	18.92	20.56	22.19	21.9